Reactive Protection? Fear, Victimization, and Fighting Among U.S. High School Students

Abstract

Youth violence in high schools is a pervasive and persistent problem in the United States. Students engage in physical fights, experience bullying and teen dating violence (TDV), are threatened with weapons, and miss school due to safety concerns. However, despite theoretical support, research has not sufficiently addressed the relationship between students' fear and fighting at school. This secondary analysis used data from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey ( n = 13,583) to examine the relationship between fear at school, victimization, and engagement in fighting at school among high school students. We created a 3-item composite fear variable, conducted logistic regression to examine likelihood of fighting, and multinomial regression to examine risk for multiple fights, and stratified all models by gender. Findings indicate that both male and female students who experienced fear were more likely to engage in fights at school than peers who did not experience fear, even when controlling for other factors. Likewise, the more fear incidents a student experienced, the more at risk they were for engaging in multiple fights. Findings on victimization indicate that the relationship with fighting is more straightforward for male students than for female students. For males, being bullied and experiencing multiple incidents of physical and sexual TDV were all associated with fighting at school. For females, however, only one type of victimization was associated with fighting at school: experiencing multiple incidents of physical TDV. Overall, findings suggest that fear may be more than merely a by-product of fighting, but rather-as the extant research supports-fear also can be generalized across situations and displayed through patterns of aggression. Findings support the need for interventions aimed at skill-building in areas of communication, emotion regulation, conflict resolution, and healthy relationships to help youth-particularly those in younger grades-negotiate interpersonal relationships without the use of violence.

The Association Between Bullying Victimization and Fighting in School Among US High School Students

“…Consistent with older YRBS data (Sattler et al, 2016), we find that bullying–fighting associations hold true for males across all models, and for females across Models 1–3. Among females, the loss of the association is only seen after accounting for emotional-behavioral risks: sexual violence victimization, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use.…”

“…of fighting in school, consistent with prior research from the US and elsewhere (Carvalho et al, 2021;Muula et al, 2009;Sattler et al, 2016;Seldin & Yanez, 2019). The independent contribution of each form of bullying victimization was maintained, though attenuated, even after accounting for sociodemographics and emotional-behavioral vulnerabilities.…”

Muscle-Building Exercise and Weapon Carrying and Physical Fighting Among U.S. Adolescent Boys

“…Data from the 2019 National High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were analyzed for this study. This analysis was restricted to male participants ( N = 4120) given the higher prevalence of muscle-building exercise, weapon carrying, and physical fighting compared to females ( de Looze et al, 2019 ; Jewett et al, 2021 ; Nagata, Ganson, et al, 2020 ; Pham et al, 2017 ; Pickett et al., 2005 ; Sattler et al, 2019 ; Vaughn et al, 2012 ). The YRBS is conducted bi-annually by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to monitor priority health risk behaviors among adolescents.…”

“…Physical fighting was assessed using two questions: “During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight ?” and “During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property ?” Response options for each question were dichotomized to zero (0) times and one (1) or more times ( Salas-Wright et al, 2017 ; Sattler et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Similar to the engagement in muscle-building exercise, weapon carrying and physical fighting occur overwhelmingly among adolescent boys compared to adolescent girls ( de Looze et al, 2019 ; Jewett et al, 2021 ; Pham et al, 2017 ; Pickett et al., 2005 ; Sattler et al, 2019 ; Vaughn et al, 2012 ). From a developmental perspective, these behaviors may occur in relation to the many social and psychological changes that happen during adolescence ( Henriksen et al, 2020 ; Sawyer et al, 2012 ).…”