Reactive School Closure During Increased Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) Activity in Western Kentucky, 2013: A Field Evaluation of Effect on ILI Incidence and Economic and Social Consequences for Families

Russell, Elizabeth S.; Zheteyeva, Yenlik; Gao, Hongjiang; Shi, Jianrong; Rainey, Jeanette J.; Thoroughman, Douglas; Uzicanin, Amra

doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw113

Cited by 35 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Database searches yielded 3,341 papers and two additional papers were identified via hand-searching; 770 duplicates were removed and the remaining 2,573 were screened for relevance. After this screening, a total of 19 papers remained and were included in the review, 18 of which [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] used a cross-sectional design employing questionnaires to assess difficulties during the school closures, activities outside the home during the closures and/or who provided childcare during the closures. The remaining paper [14] used a qualitative design.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority (n = 10) were from the US [19,21,[23][24][25]27,30,[32][33][34]; four papers were from Australia [14,20,22,29] and the remaining papers were from Argentina [28], Japan [26], Russia [18], Taiwan [31] and the UK [17]. Most papers reported on school closures because of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic (n = 12) [14,17,19,20,22,[24][25][26]28,29,31,32] or other influenza or influenza-like outbreaks (n = 6) [18,21,23,27,30,33]. One paper reported on a school closed in preparation for a hurricane [34].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of unplanned school closure on children’s social contact: rapid evidence review

et al. 2020

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Objectives: Restricting mobility is a central aim for lowering contact rates and preventing COVID-19 transmission. Yet the impact on mobility of different non-pharmaceutical countermeasures in the earlier stages of the pandemic is not well-understood. Design: Trends were evaluated using Citymapper's mobility index covering 2 nd to 26 th March 2020, expressed as percentages of typical usage periods from 0% as the lowest and 100% as normal. China and India were not covered. Multivariate xed effects models were used to estimate the association of policies restricting movement on mobility before and after their introduction. Policy restrictions were assessed using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Stringency Index as well as measures coding the timing and degree of school and workplace closures, transport restrictions, and cancellation of mass gatherings. Setting: 41 cities worldwide Main outcome measures: Citymapper's mobility index Results: Mobility declined in all major cities throughout March. Larger declines were seen in European than Asian cities. The COVID-19 Government Response Stringency Index was strongly associated with declines in mobility (r =-0.75, p<0.001). After adjusting for time-trends, we observed that implementing non-pharmaceutical countermeasures was associated with a decline of mobility of 10.0% for school closures (95% CI: 4.36% to 15.7%), 15.0% for workplace closures (95% CI: 10.2% to 19.8%), 7.09% for cancelling public events (95% CI: 1.98% to 12.2%), 18.0% for closing public transport (95% CI: 6.74% to 29.2%), 13.3% for restricting internal movements (95% CI: 8.85% to 17.8%) and 5.30% for international travel controls (95% CI: 1.69 to 8.90). In contrast, as expected, there was no association between population mobility changes and scal or monetary measures or emergency healthcare investment. Conclusions: Understanding the effect of public policy on mobility in the early stages is crucial to slowing and reducing COVID-19 transmission. By using Citymapper's mobility index, this work provides the rst evidence about trends in mobility and the impacts of different policy interventions, suggesting that closure of public transport, workplaces and schools are particularly impactful. Summary box What is already known on this topic? Governments across the global are experimenting with a range of policy interventions to restrict movement in populations. Yet their impact is not well understood. There is an urgent need to understand how alternative policy approaches to restricting movement can impact on population mobility trends.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of unplanned school closure on children’s social contact: rapid evidence review

et al. 2020

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“…School closures may reduce rates of medically-attended influenza in school-aged children, although with highly heterogeneous effects (2% to 29% reductions), and with lesser effects on younger children and adults. [1][2][3][4][5] Generalizing to broader social distancing efforts from these studies is difficult, however, as school closures tend to have limited impacts on working-age and older adults, and school-aged children may recongregate outside of schools. 4,[6][7][8] In February 2019, unusually high snowfall in western Washington State led to widespread school and workplace closures and to reduced regional travel.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of weather-related social distancing on city-scale transmission of respiratory viruses

Jackson

Hart

McCulloch

et al. 2020

Preprint

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One sentence summary: Disruptions of school and work due to heavy snowfall in the Seattle metro area reduced the total size of respiratory virus epidemics by up to 9%. Abstract:BACKGROUND: Unusually high snowfall in western Washington State in February 2019 led to widespread school and workplace closures. We assessed the impact of social distancing caused by this extreme weather event on the transmission of respiratory viruses. METHODS: Residual specimens from patients evaluated for acute respiratory illness at hospitals in the Seattle metropolitan area were screened for a panel of respiratory viruses. Transmission models were fit to each virus, with disruption of contact rates and care-seeking informed by data on local traffic volumes and hospital admissions.RESULTS: Disruption in contact patterns reduced effective contact rates during the intervention period by 16% to 95%, and cumulative disease incidence through the remainder of the season by 3% to 9%. Incidence reductions were greatest for viruses 1 . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.is the (which was not peer-reviewed) The copyright holder for this preprint .

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“…Mizumoto et al (2013), Japan [25] Another household member (64.3%), left alone (28.5%), special arrangement such as parental absence from work (7.3%). Russell et al (2016), USA [26] Adult from outside the household (20%); childcare programme (1%) Steelfisher et al (2010), USA [31] 81% were cared for by an adult in the household, 20% by a family member outside the household, 1% by a friend/neighbour, 3% by a professional care provider, and 10% stayed home alone. Old enough to care for themselves (11.6%), went to work with parents (5.3%), childcare program (2.6%), left alone without supervision (2.5%).…”

Section: Effler Et Al (2010)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28.5% children looked after themselves; 64.3% were looked after by another household member; 7.3% required a special arrangement such as parental absence from work. Russell et al (2016), USA [26] 99 households, representing 197 children;…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of unplanned school closure on children’s social contact: Rapid evidence review

Brooks

Smith

Webster

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundEmergency school closures are often used as public health interventions during infectious disease outbreaks in an attempt to minimise the spread of infection. However, if children continue to mix with others outside the home during the closures, these measures are unlikely to be effective. ObjectivesThis review aimed to summarise existing literature on children's activities and contacts made outside the home during unplanned school closures. MethodsWe searched four databases from inception to February 2020 for relevant literature. Main findings were extracted.

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Reactive School Closure During Increased Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) Activity in Western Kentucky, 2013: A Field Evaluation of Effect on ILI Incidence and Economic and Social Consequences for Families

Abstract: A reactive school closure following high influenza-like illness-related student absenteeism in a Kentucky school district did not influence reported influenza-like illness transmission in student households.

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

The impact of unplanned school closure on children’s social contact: rapid evidence review

The impact of unplanned school closure on children’s social contact: rapid evidence review

Effects of weather-related social distancing on city-scale transmission of respiratory viruses

The impact of unplanned school closure on children’s social contact: Rapid evidence review

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