Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerization

New reactive polymeric stabilizers for emulsion polymerization

“…The drop in the double bond concentration starts mainly after the particle nucleation and lasts over the entire reaction. This is in agreement with the lower reactivity of centrally located double bonds which was also observed in the case of reactive surfactant with maleic double bonds [14][15][16][17][18][19] . In order to find additional proof for the stabilizer incorporation the surface charge densities of some polystyrene latexes prepared according to the standard procedure were determined before and after tenacious ultrafiltration.…”

“…A possibility to overcome this drawback is to fix the stabilizers in place by the use of surfactants that can take part in the polymerization reaction 13,14) . This approach requires a proper choice of the kind of reactivity since a strong incorporation in the polymer at the beginning of the polymerization may lead to a loss of stability as stabilizer molecules can be hidden in the particles interior [15][16][17][18][19] .…”

“…1 H NMR measurements prove that the stabilizers will be almost completely covalently bound to the latex particles in the course of the polymerization. Efficiency of partly sulfonated polyolefin stabilizers in a styrene emulsion polymerization according to the standard recipe in dependence on dos tives from low molecular emulsifiers with additional comonomer, or initiator, or chain transfer functionalities [15][16][17][18][19] . This is even exclusively the case if relatively short poly(ethylene glycol) blocks up to 30 units are considered to be rather hydrophilic head groups than polymers.…”

Emulsion Polymerization: Effects of Polymerization Variables on the Properties of Vinyl Acetate Based Emulsion Polymers

“…Surfmers can be anionic with sulfate or sulfonate head groups (sodium dodecyl allyl sulfosuccinate), cationic (alkyl maleate trimethylamino ethyl bromide), or non-ionic (functionalized poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butylenes oxide)copolymer). The reactive groups can be in different types, for example, allylics, acrylamides, (meth)acrylates, styrenics, or maleates [36][37].…”

“…There is also surface active initiators which are called as "inisurfs", for example; bis[2-(4 ' -sulfophenyl)alkyl]-2,2 ' -azodiisobutyrate ammonium salts and 2,2 ' -azobis(N-2 ' -methylpropanoyl-2-amino-alkyl-1-sulfonate)s. The initiators of this type carry stabilizing groups in their structures, and emulsion polymerization can be successfully carried out in the presence of them, without additional stabilizers up to more than 50% in solid content [37]. Moreover, the free radicals needed to initiate the emulsion polymerization can be produced by ultrasonically, or radiation-induced.…”