Reactive transport modelling of the impact of CO2 injection on the clayey cap rock at Sleipner (North Sea)

Gaus, Irina; Azaroual, Mohamed; Czernichowski-Lauriol, Isabelle

doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.12.016

Cited by 370 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…For example, there appears to be a sharp decrease in albite content, and corresponding increase in K-feldspar, across the boundary between zones 3 and 2c. Modelling of the Sleipner caprock shows that the CO2mediated dissolution of albite and precipitation of K-feldspar is thermodynamically possible under those in situ conditions (Gaus et al, 2005). The occurrence of these reaction products here imply that this is a valid pathway and that the gas vent has existed for sufficient time to form these minerals despite the potentially slow kinetics at ground-surface temperatures.…”

Section: Zone 2cmentioning

confidence: 78%

The impact of a naturally occurring CO2 gas vent on the shallow ecosystem and soil chemistry of a Mediterranean pasture (Latera, Italy)

Beaubien

Ciotoli

Coombs

et al. 2008

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

135

109

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Recent research into C02 geological storage has shown that it has potential to be a safe and effective way to rapidly decrease short-term anthropogenic C02 emissions. Despite this progress, stakeholders must be convinced that the scientific community has studied all possible scenarios, including a potential leak into the biosphere. To better understand the potential impact of such an event, a detailed geochemical and biological study was conducted during two different seasons on a naturally occurring gas vent located within a Mediterranean pasture ecosystem (Latera geothermal field, central Italy). Results from botanical, soil gas, and gas flux surveys, and from chemical and biological analyses of shallow soil samples (0-20 cm depth), show that a significant impact is only observed in the 6 In wide centre of the vent, where C02 flux rates exceed 2000-3000 g M-2 d-1. In this "vent core" there is no vegetation, pH is low (minimum 3.5), and small changes are observed in mineralogy and bulk chemistry. in addition, microbial activities and populations are regulated in this interval by near-anoxic conditions, and by elevated soil gas C02 (>95%) and trace reduced gases (CH4, H2S, and 142). An approximately 20 In wide halo surrounding the core forms a transition zone, over which there is a gradual decrease in C02 concentrations, a rapid decrease in C02 fluxes, and the absence of reactive gas species. In this transition zone grasses dominate near the vent core, but these are progressively replaced by clover and a greater plant diversity moving away from the vent centre. Physical parameters (e.g. pH, bulk chemistry, mineralogy) and microbial systems also gradually return to background values across this transition zone. Results indicate that, even at this anomalous high-flux site, the effects ofthe gas vent are spatially limited and that the ecosystem appears to have adapted to the different conditions through species substitution or adaptation. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

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Section: Zone 2cmentioning

confidence: 78%

The impact of a naturally occurring CO2 gas vent on the shallow ecosystem and soil chemistry of a Mediterranean pasture (Latera, Italy)

Beaubien

Ciotoli

Coombs

et al. 2008

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

135

109

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“…Note that in other geochemical systems such as that of Gaus et al (2005), anorthite did have an impact on the mineral trapping of CO 2 . These investigators performed some kinetic batch modelling to assess the effects of different plagioclase compositions on the simulation results.…”

Section: Hydrogeochemical Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reaction rate Xu et al (2004Xu et al ( , 2005 and Gaus et al (2005) discussed the sensitivity of CO 2 mineral sequestration to kinetic rate constants or reactive surface areas. Their simulation results indicated that modifying the kinetic rate constants (or reactive surface areas) for all minerals by the same factor is equivalent to scaling the time-axis and does not lead to different results, and the key affecting the rate of the overall reactivity of the system is the kinetics of the dissolving aluminosilicate minerals bearing Ca, Mg, and Fe.…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simulation results could be sensitive to the choice of secondary minerals. However, almost all possibilities of secondary carbonate and clay minerals are covered in the simulations, which are based on previous studies of modelling (Xu et al, 2005(Xu et al, , 2006Gaus et al, 2005;White et al, 2005), laboratory experiments (Wolf et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2006), and field observations (Pearce et al, 1996;Watson et al, 2004;Moore et al, 2005;Worden 2006). …”

Section: Hydrogeochemical Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term variations of CO2 trapped in different mechanisms in deep saline formations: A case study of the Songliao Basin, China

Zhang

et al. 2009

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

145

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The geological storage of CO 2 in deep saline formations is increasing seen as a viable strategy to reduce the release of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. There are numerous sedimentary basins in China, in which a number of suitable CO 2 geologic reservoirs are potentially available. To identify the multi-phase processes, geochemical changes and mineral alteration, and CO 2 trapping mechanisms after CO 2 injection, reactive geochemical transport simulations using a simple 2D model were performed. Mineralogical composition and water chemistry from a deep saline formation of Songliao Basin were used. Results indicate that different storage forms of CO 2 vary with time. In the CO 2 injection period, a large amount of CO 2 remains as a free supercritical phase (gas trapping), and the amount dissolved in the formation water (solubility trapping) gradually increases. Later, gas trapping decreases, solubility trapping increases significantly due to migration and diffusion of the CO 2 plume, and the amount trapped by carbonate minerals increases gradually with time. The residual CO 2 gas keeps dissolving into groundwater and precipitating carbonate minerals. For the Songliao Basin sandstone, variations in the reaction rate and abundance of chlorite, and plagioclase composition affect significantly the estimates of mineral alteration and CO 2 storage in different trapping mechanisms. The effect of vertical permeability and residual gas saturation on the 2 overall storage is smaller compared to the geochemical factors. However, they can affect the spatial distribution of the injected CO 2 in the formations. The CO 2 mineral trapping capacity could be in the order of ten kilogram per cubic meter medium for the Songliao Basin sandstone, and may be higher depending on the composition of primary aluminosilicate minerals especially the content of Ca, Mg, and Fe.

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“…Typically, 1-D or 2-D models are preferred wherever symmetry allows for it (e.g. Gaus et al, 2005;White et al, 2005;Audigane et al, 2007;Xu et al, 2010;Beyer et al, 2012); only coarse spatial discretisations are adopted for 3-D models (Nghiem et al, 2004;Kühn et al, 2006;Kühn and Günther, 2007;Zheng et al, 2009). As a result, most studies of reactive transport only consider very simple geometries and homogeneous media, thus disregarding spatial heterogeneities at reservoir scale, which in turn are routinely considered by the usually much more detailed geologic models and pure hydrodynamic reservoir simulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A coupling alternative to reactive transport simulations for long-term prediction of chemical reactions in heterogeneous CO<sub>2</sub> storage systems

2015

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Abstract. Fully coupled, multi-phase reactive transport simulations of CO 2 storage systems can be approximated by a simplified one-way coupling of hydrodynamics and reactive chemistry. The main characteristics of such systems, and hypotheses underlying the proposed alternative coupling, are (i) that the presence of CO 2 is the only driving force for chemical reactions and (ii) that its migration in the reservoir is only marginally affected by immobilisation due to chemical reactions. In the simplified coupling, the exposure time to CO 2 of each element of the hydrodynamic grid is estimated by non-reactive simulations and the reaction path of one single batch geochemical model is applied to each grid element during its exposure time. In heterogeneous settings, analytical scaling relationships provide the dependency of velocity and amount of reactions to porosity and gas saturation. The analysis of TOUGHREACT fully coupled reactive transport simulations of CO 2 injection in saline aquifer, inspired to the Ketzin pilot site (Germany), both in homogeneous and heterogeneous settings, confirms that the reaction paths predicted by fully coupled simulations in every element of the grid show a high degree of self-similarity. A threshold value for the minimum concentration of dissolved CO 2 considered chemically active is shown to mitigate the effects of the discrepancy between dissolved CO 2 migration in non-reactive and fully coupled simulations. In real life, the optimal threshold value is unknown and has to be estimated, e.g. by means of 1-D or 2-D simulations, resulting in an uncertainty ultimately due to the process de-coupling. However, such uncertainty is more than acceptable given that the alternative coupling enables using grids of the order of millions of elements, profiting from much better description of heterogeneous reservoirs at a fraction of the calculation time of fully coupled models.

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Reactive transport modelling of the impact of CO2 injection on the clayey cap rock at Sleipner (North Sea)

Cited by 370 publications

References 24 publications

The impact of a naturally occurring CO2 gas vent on the shallow ecosystem and soil chemistry of a Mediterranean pasture (Latera, Italy)

The impact of a naturally occurring CO2 gas vent on the shallow ecosystem and soil chemistry of a Mediterranean pasture (Latera, Italy)

Long-term variations of CO2 trapped in different mechanisms in deep saline formations: A case study of the Songliao Basin, China

A coupling alternative to reactive transport simulations for long-term prediction of chemical reactions in heterogeneous CO<sub>2</sub> storage systems

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Reactive transport modelling of the impact of CO2 injection on the clayey cap rock at Sleipner (North Sea)

Cited by 370 publications

References 24 publications

The impact of a naturally occurring CO2 gas vent on the shallow ecosystem and soil chemistry of a Mediterranean pasture (Latera, Italy)

The impact of a naturally occurring CO2 gas vent on the shallow ecosystem and soil chemistry of a Mediterranean pasture (Latera, Italy)

Long-term variations of CO2 trapped in different mechanisms in deep saline formations: A case study of the Songliao Basin, China

A coupling alternative to reactive transport simulations for long-term prediction of chemical reactions in heterogeneous CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage systems

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Product

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A coupling alternative to reactive transport simulations for long-term prediction of chemical reactions in heterogeneous CO<sub>2</sub> storage systems