Reactivity and porosity development during pyrolysis and physical activation in CO2 or steam of kraft and hydrolytic lignins

Carrott, P.J.M.; Suhas, .; Carrott, M.M.L. Ribeiro; Guerrero, Carlos A.; Delgado, L.

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2008.04.004

Cited by 76 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…A few studies used chemical activation with KOH, NaOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3, H3PO4 or ZnCl2, and physical activation with CO2 or steam to prepare KL-ACs (Carrott et al 2008;Torné-Fernández et al 2009;Huang et al 2014;Saha et al 2014). Among the alkaline chemical activating agents, KOH and K2CO3 are preferred (Babel and Jurewicz 2008;Xia et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of K2CO3-Activated Kraft Lignin Carbon

Li¹,

Luo²,

Dou³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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A series of activated carbons (ACs) were prepared by K2CO3 activation from kraft lignin (KL) that was recovered from papermaking black liquor. The effects of process parameters such as the activation temperature (AT), activated period, K2CO3 to KL mass ratio, and N2 flow rate on the characteristics of the final product were determined. The ACs were characterized using nitrogen adsorption, morphology, and fractal dimension analyses. The results showed that the AT was the main factor influencing the yield, surface area, and pore structure. The yield of ACs obviously decreased from 50.6% to 20.5% with increasing AT from 600 °C to 1000 °C, and decreased with increasing K2CO3/KL mass ratio. Activation time and N2 flow rate had slight effect on the yield of ACs. The surface area and total pore volume increased as the AT rose to 900 °C and then decreased with further increases in temperature. The maximum surface area and total pore volume were 1816.3 m 2 /g and 1.26 cm 3 /g, respectively, at a K2CO3 to KL mass ratio of 3:1, AT of 900 °C, activation time of 2 h, and N2 flow rate of 70 cm 3 /min. The pore structure of the ACs could be tailored by controlling the AT. As the AT was increased from 700 to 1000 °C, the mesoporosity increased from 11.6% to 95.9%. SEM images indicated that the morphology of ACs was modified by the AT. The K2CO3 was partially recycled.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of K2CO3-Activated Kraft Lignin Carbon

Li¹,

Luo²,

Dou³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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“…mixture) as activating agent for different types of carbonaceous material [5,7,8], very few of the previous works has addressed the effect of CO 2 -steam activation sequences on the pore development for methane adsorption application. This study is therefore aimed in investigating the methane adsorption performance from palm kernel shell derived activated carbon using the sequential combination (as opposed to the usual simultaneous combination) of CO 2 + steam activation.…”

Section: -2506mentioning

confidence: 99%

Methane Adsorption Performance of the Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Carbon Material Activated Using Co2-Steam Sequential Combination

Zaini

Syed‐Hassan²

2016

MJAS

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A study was conducted to prepare activated carbon from ZnCl 2 -treated oil palm kernel shell using the sequential combination of carbon dioxide and steam (CO 2 + steam) as activated agent. The development of pores of activated carbon and methane adsorption on the prepared activated carbon were investigated. The results show that the sequential combination of CO 2 and steam was a good combination producing activated carbon with high total pore volume of 1.0 cm 3 /g and BET surface area of 1548.0 m 2 /g. The resultant activated carbon contained microporous and mesoporous structure with a nearly balance volume percentage. The highest methane uptake in this study was 145.89 V/V at 10 bar and ambient temperature.Keywords: activated carbon, palm kernel shell, methane adsorption, porosity development Abstrak Satu kajian telah dijalankan bagi menyediakan karbon teraktif daripada isirong kelapa sawit yang dirawat bersama ZnCl 2 dengan menggunakan agen pengaktifan karbon dioksida dan stim secara berturutan. Dalam kajian ini, pembangunan liang pada karbon teraktif dan penjerapan gas metana telah dikaji. Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa kombinasi secara urutan bagi gas karbon dioksida dan stim merupakan kombinasi agen pengakifan yang baik dan menghasilkan karbon teraktif yang mempunyai jumlah isipadu liang yang tinggi iaitu 1.0 cm 3 /g dan luas kawasan BET sebanyak 1548.0 m 2 /g. Karbon teraktif yang terhasil juga mempunyai kandungan liang mikro dan liang meso yang hampir seimbang. Hasil kajian ini, penjerapan gas metana yang tertinggi adalah 145.89 V/V pada 10 bar dan suhu ambien.Kata kunci : karbon teraktif, isirong kelapa sawit, penjerapan gas metana, pembangunan liang Introduction A sustainable energy supply and environmental protection are the challenges faced by the world presently. Conserving the sustainable energy is vital in order to ensure the security and the consistency of supply and the diversification of the various energy resources. The search for alternative fuel for vehicles has been actively pursued nowadays due to the issue of sustainability, energy and oil market crisis, and the increased awareness of environmental protection

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“…In addition, they obtained ACs with 865 m 2 /g and V mic of 0.37 cm 3 /g, with an average width (r mic ) of 0.60-0.66 nm, by steam activation of the carbonized samples produced. Carrott et al (2008) analyzed the physical activation in CO 2 or steam of kraft and hydrolytic lignins. They observed that lignins obtained from different sources behave differently during pyrolysis and also during activation in CO 2 or steam, leading to the formation of ACs with different textural properties, better in the case of hydrolytic lignin.…”

Section: Activation Stepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, the optimization of structural properties has been the main objective driving most investigations related to lignin-based CFs. Nevertheless, although the mechanical properties of the lignin-based CFs would fit low grade requirements, with optimized fibers showing tensile strengths up tõ 1.10 GPa and Young's moduli up to 83-109 GPa (Compere, 2005;Baker and Gallego, 2010), they currently have poor mechanical properties compared with petroleum-derived counterparts and do not meet those required from the automotive industry, i.e., a tensile strength of 1.72 GPa, and a modulus of 172 GPa (Warren, 2008;Baker and Gallego, 2010). Hence, much research on the preparation of high-performance lignin-based CFs is currently being done.…”

Section: Lignin-based Carbon Fibers For Structural Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to now, the best mechanical properties were obtained by Compere (2005), which evaluated the mechanical properties of soda HAL-PET fibers carbonized at 1200°C, reaching tensile strengths up to 1.03 GPa and Young's modulus up to 109 GPa, and by Baker and Gallego (2010), which reported CFs, from purified Alcell lignin, with an average tensile strength of 1.07 GPa and moduli of 82.7 GPa, as well as 55% of carbon yield.…”

Section: Lignin-based Carbon Fibers For Structural Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation of Different Carbon Materials by Thermochemical Conversion of Lignin

et al. 2014

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Lignin valorization plays a crucial role within the modern biorefinery scheme from both the economic and environmental points of view; and the structure and composition of lignin makes it an ideal precursor for the preparation of advanced carbon materials with high added-value. This review provides an overview of the different carbonaceous materials obtained by thermochemical conversion of lignin, such as activated carbons, carbon fibers, templated carbons, and high ordered carbons, giving information about the new strategies in terms of the preparation method and their possible applications.

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Reactivity and porosity development during pyrolysis and physical activation in CO2 or steam of kraft and hydrolytic lignins

Cited by 76 publications

References 60 publications

Preparation and Characterization of K2CO3-Activated Kraft Lignin Carbon

Preparation and Characterization of K2CO3-Activated Kraft Lignin Carbon

Methane Adsorption Performance of the Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Carbon Material Activated Using Co2-Steam Sequential Combination

Preparation of Different Carbon Materials by Thermochemical Conversion of Lignin

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