Reactivity in infants: A cross-national comparison.

Kagan, Jerome; Arcus, Doreen; Snidman, Nancy; Feng, Wang Yu; Hendler, John; Greene, Sheila

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.3.342

Cited by 120 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Third, our study indicates that service firms should be aware of the differences in the influence of employees' emotional displays on customers with different degrees of susceptibility to emotional contagion. The prior literature suggests that there is a difference in the emotional expressions between eastern and western cultures (Dickson et al 1998;Kagan et al 1994;Russell 1995). For example, Russell (1995) suggested that people from eastern countries can control their emotions better than those from western countries.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For example, Russell (1995) suggested that people from eastern countries can control their emotions better than those from western countries. Kagan et al (1994) provided behavioral and physiological evidence that Chinese people tend to have less emotional responses than white people do. This implies that people from western cultures are more willing to display their emotions on their face, while people from eastern culture like to hide their emotions internally (Dickson et al 1998).…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters

Fan

Feng

2010

J. of the Acad. Mark. Sci.

104

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This paper investigates the dynamic impact of multiple sequential emotional displays by employees on customers' negative emotions. Using video-based stimuli to manipulate emotional displays by employees, this study shows the sequential occurrences of negative and positive emotional contagions in service failure and recovery encounters. The results suggest that higher levels of employees' negative emotional displays lead to a greater increase in customers' negative emotions through the process of negative emotional contagion during service failure. More importantly, we find that positive emotional displays by employees can decrease customers' negative emotions through the process of positive emotional contagion during service recovery, i.e., higher levels of employee positive emotional displays lead to a greater decrease in customers' negative emotions. In addition, no matter whether customers experience higher or lower levels of employee positive emotional displays during service recovery, their final negative emotions cannot fully return to their emotional levels prior to service failure. However, for customers experiencing higher levels of employee positive emotional displays, their final negative emotions can be greatly mitigated and are closer to their initial emotional levels, as compared to customers experiencing lower levels of employee positive emotional displays. The results further indicate that susceptibility to emotional contagion increases the effect of employees' negative (positive) emotional displays on customers' negative emotions during service failure (recovery). The findings of this study suggest that service firms should provide effective training to their frontline service employees so that they can display proper positive emotions during service encounters.

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Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters

Fan

Feng

2010

J. of the Acad. Mark. Sci.

104

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“…It is assumed, but not yet proven, that the biological foundations for most, but certainly not all, human temperaments are heritable neurochemical profiles. This hypothesis was present in an early form in the writings of the ancient Greeks, who posited melancholic, sanguine, choleric, and phlegmatic temperaments derived from the balance of the four humors of blood, bile, phlegm, and black bile (Kagan, 1994).…”

Section: Temperaments As Sets Of Preparedness Jerome Kaganmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It may not be a coincidence that a high-reactive temperament is far more frequent among Caucasian than among Chinese 4-month-old infants (Kagan et al, 1994). Moreover, Japanese, compared with CaucasianAmerican, infants are less easily aroused, less likely to cry during an inoculation, and less distressed by restraint of their arms (Caudill & Weinstein, 1969;Lewis, Ramsey, & Kawakami, 1993).…”

Section: High-and Low-reactive Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperaments as Sets of Preparedness

Kagan

2010

Nurturing Children and Families

Self Cite

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Each generation contains a small number of prescient minds that refuse to accept the popular and often simplistic conceptualizations that dominate their discipline and insist on accommodating to what they have observed. Berry Brazelton is a special member of this rare category. When developmental psychologists denied that infants possessed any biologically based biases for emotional or behavioral reactions, Brazelton's rich experience with infants led him to suggest that each infant brought into the world a set of dispositions that prepared her or him to develop, with ease or difficulty, particular personality profiles. But he insisted that the profiles that emerged over the years depended on the family and other environmental settings. These social contexts selected from a potential envelope of many profiles inherent in the infants' temperamental biases a most likely pattern of traits. The initial biases do not determine a particular psychological profile in later childhood; they only limit the range of profiles that might occur. Psychologists, pediatricians, and psychiatrists who resisted this idea initially have recently become more receptive to its validity.The reintroduction of the idea of temperamental biases a half century after their exile by behaviorists and psychoanalysts is one of the most important scientific advances of the past four decades. Although we are still far from being able to describe all the human temperaments, and have not invented the procedures to quantify them, scientists have begun this task. My colleagues and I have been studying only two of the large number of possible temperaments and this paper summarizes what we have learned over the past 30 years.

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“…There is a lot of evidence that adults and children who do not have ASD will engage in mimicking [13], [14], [15] and we would like to find out whether there is a difference in the mimicking behavior of typically developing and autistic children in a game setting, where expressing emotions and establishing an emotional connection are natural. We initially intended to investigate the differences in unconscious mimicry (Chameleon Effect) by autistic and typically developing children, but there might be an effect of on-purpose mimicry (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mimicking Expressiveness of Movements by Autistic Children in Game Play

Tetteroo

Shirzad

Pereira

et al. 2012

2012 International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 International Confernece on Social Computing

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Abstract-Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have marked impairments in social interaction. Imitation is a basic social interaction behavior, and mimicking as an element of imitation can be a diagnostic marker for autism and thus a skill that can be targeted by behavioral training. In a comparative study between children with and without autism (n=20), we designed a test that aims to find differences in mimicking expressiveness in a real-life setting. The Wii boxing game was chosen as an environment that can trigger expressiveness in children. Two measures were chosen to rate expressiveness: using observers and using a Microsoft Kinect 3-D camera in combination with motion analysis software. Results from the software tool show that the ASD-group is not influenced by the expressiveness of a confederate, while the control-group is. These results suggest that autistic children do not mimic expressiveness in gameplay and that this can be detected using a software tool.

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Reactivity in infants: A cross-national comparison.

Cited by 120 publications

References 13 publications

Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters

Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters

Temperaments as Sets of Preparedness

Mimicking Expressiveness of Movements by Autistic Children in Game Play

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