Reactivity of stratospheric aerosols to small amounts of ammonia in the laboratory environment

Hayes, Dennis M.; Snetsinger, K. G.; Ferry, G. V.; Oberbeck, V. R.; Farlow, N. H.

doi:10.1029/gl007i011p00974

Cited by 51 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Stratospheric sulfate particles are formed in an ammonia-poor environment. Hayes et al (1980) found, by using an electron diffraction technique, that stratospheric aerosol particles contained no ammonium sulfate when aerosol samples were protected by argon from ammonia contamination. Considering very small ammonia concentration in the stratosphere and special protection mech- Lion technique, that stratospheric aerosol particles contained no ammonium sulfate when aerosol samples were protected by argon from ammonia contamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering very small ammonia concentration in the stratosphere and special protection mech- Lion technique, that stratospheric aerosol particles contained no ammonium sulfate when aerosol samples were protected by argon from ammonia contamination. Considering very small ammonia concentration in the stratosphere and special protection mechanism found by Hayes et al (1980), Russell and Hamill (1984) concluded that all the stratospheric particles contain primarily sulfuric acid. Our result is consistent with these workers' conclusion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modification of H2SO4 particles to (NH4)2SO4 particles is possible after sampling in the air polluted by tropospheric ammonia or ammonia emitted from the person in the laboratory (Gras and Ayers, 1979;Hayes et al 1980). The ammonia contamination influences the results obtained by the electron diffraction method, wet chemical method, and morphological identification.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Chemical and Physical Properties of Stratospheric Aerosol Particles in the Vicinity of Tropopause Folding

Yamato

Ono

1989

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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The chemical composition and physical state of individual aerosol particles were examined for the aerosol collected on board an aircraft. The collection of aerosol particles was carried out at altitudes between 2.0 and 7.6km including the vicinity of tropopause folding and above tropopause over the Japan Sea on 14 February, 1984. The molecular state of sulfate particles was determined by vapordeposited calcium thin-film method (pre-coating) in order to avoid the possible chemical modification of samples by ammonia after collection. Nitrate and sulfate in particles were detected by use of the vapor-deposited nitron thin-film method and barium chloride thin-film method, respectively. Whether stratospheric aerosol particles are frozen or supercooled was examined by comparing the morphology of collected particles with that of frozen sulfuric acid particles produced in the laboratory.Sulfuric acid particles were predominant in the stratosphere without any serious ammoniation. These sulfuric acid particles are much larger than those in the lower troposphere. No nitrate-containing particles and few particles of tropospheric origin were found in the stratosphere. The fact that nitrate can not be detected in the particles suggests that most of the nitric acid is not dissolved in particles but exists in the gas phase in the stratosphere. Stratospheric sulfuric acid particles were not frozen, but supercooled even at -48*. Stratospheric aerosols were constituted of sulfuric acid particles, of which the chemical composition was much more uniform in space than that of tropospheric aerosols. We can safely state that supercooled sulfuric acid particles are predominant in the mid-latitude stratosphere.On the other hand, aerosols of several different origins coexisted in the troposphere. Sulfuric acid particles were mostly predominant in the middle and upper troposphere, although their ammoniated particles also existed. Acidity of the sulfate-containing particles increased with increasing altitude between 2.0 and 5.5km. It was observed that stratospheric sulfuric acid particles coexisted with particles of lower tropospheric origin (probably ammonium sulfate particles) in the tropopause folding. The observation was carried out during the period when there was a slight possibility that the effect of volcanic eruption of E1 chichon in 1982 on the stratospheric aerosol layer still remained. However, it is not possible to determine the degree of any volcanic effect from the present study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical and Physical Properties of Stratospheric Aerosol Particles in the Vicinity of Tropopause Folding

Yamato

Ono

1989

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…The existence of ammonium salts particles in the stratosphere has been doubted by Hayes et al (1980). They pointed out that sulfuric acid droplets were converted rapidly into ammonium sulfate particles by absorbing ambient ammonia in laboratory-room air before identification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently McMurry et al (1983) also reported high values of *=0.40 to 0.18 for particles of 0.058 to 0.1 am diameter. According to Hayes et al (1980), sulfuric acid droplets collected on an electronmicroscopic grid are converted entirely into ammonium sulfate particles within one hour by exposure to laboratory-room air. On the basis of Hayes' experiments, 10-2 was taken tentatively as the value of * for the entire conversion from a sulfuric acid droplet into an ammonium sulfate particle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Possibility of Formation of Ammonium Sulfate Particles in the Stratosphere

Kobayashi

Iwasaka

1984

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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The possibility of formation of ammonium sulfate particles in the stratosphere is examined by comparing the absorption rate of ammonia gas into a sulfuric acid droplet with the condensation rate of sulfuric acid vapor onto the droplet. When the concentration of ammonia gas is sub-ppb level, the conversion time from a sulfuric acid droplet of 0.1*m radius into an ammonium sulfate particle is one to two orders of magnitude shorter than the characteristic time scales of eddy diffusion and sedimentation of particles of 0.1*m radius in the stratosphere. The contribution of coagulation to the growth of particles is smaller than that of the condensation and negligible. When the concentration of ammonia gas is low enough for the influence of the absorption to be neglected, the conversion time from an ammonium sulfate particle of 0.1*m radius into an entire liquid droplet is comparable to or longer than the characteristic time scale of eddy diffusion and sedimentation in the stratosphere.

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Observations of the chemical composition of stratospheric aerosol particles

Murphy

Froyd

Schwarz

et al. 2013

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

113

106

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Recent instrumentation can distinguish various types of aerosol particles in the stratosphere and determine their relative abundance. In the background lower stratosphere between major volcanic eruptions, most particles are either relatively pure sulphuric acid, sulphuric acid with material from ablated meteoroids or mixed organic-sulphate particles that originated in the troposphere. The meteoritic iron and magnesium appear to be dissolved whereas the aluminum and silicon appear to be inclusions. Most stratospheric aerosol mass is liquid sulphuric acid and associated water, but a large fraction of particles contain either inclusions of meteoritic elements such as silicon or organic material that is probably effloresced or glassy. These solid phases could have large but unknown implications for the ability of particles to act as freezing nuclei for polar stratospheric clouds. Internally mixed black carbon is a measurable but very small component of the stratospheric aerosol by mass. Despite their importance for heterogeneous chemistry, there are few quantitative measurements of halogens in stratospheric particles.

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Reactivity of stratospheric aerosols to small amounts of ammonia in the laboratory environment

Cited by 51 publications

References 19 publications

Chemical and Physical Properties of Stratospheric Aerosol Particles in the Vicinity of Tropopause Folding

Chemical and Physical Properties of Stratospheric Aerosol Particles in the Vicinity of Tropopause Folding

On the Possibility of Formation of Ammonium Sulfate Particles in the Stratosphere

Observations of the chemical composition of stratospheric aerosol particles

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