Readability of Annual Reports on the Vienna Stock Exchange: A Test of Management Obfuscation Hypothesis

Abstract

This research examines the relation between annual report readability and company performance in a German-speaking country, Austria. The incomplete revelation hypothesis, management obfuscation hypothesis and agency theory assume that firms with lower performance strategically use readability in their disclosures to obfuscate negative results. For investors, reading, analysing, and interpreting data becomes a costly affair; this weakens the negative effect of such data on a firm's reputation and share price. We use LIX and Flesch formulas to measure the readability of letters to the shareholders and/or interviews with the board in annual reports. The sample consists of 37 companies that are listed on the Prime Market of the Vienna Stock Exchange and their data from the year 2009 to 2020. Company performance is measured by the change in turnover, profit, and share price. The analysed sections mostly show high to very high levels of difficulty. During the observation period, readability levels do not change significantly. We find that the annual reports of firms with lower performance are not harder to read and, therefore, cannot confirm the management obfuscation hypothesis. A significant influence of change in profit/loss on readability is minutely observed. Possible reasons for this observation could be characteristics of the German language, statistical outliers, the long observation period, more professional investor relations offices, and changing communication channels between companies and stakeholders. The last point, changing communication channels, also puts the obfuscation hypothesis and its application to readability up for discussion again. Implications for Central European audience: Our study shows that also Central European countries are confronted with low levels of readability in annual reports. Nevertheless, we cannot see a clear tendency towards obfuscation in corporate disclosures.

Reporting comprehensive income and firms' earnings management

“…According to the incomplete revelation hypothesis, companies that exhibit lower levels of performance may strategically employ readability in their disclosures as a means of concealing unfavorable outcomes (Bernhard, 2022). Conversely, advocates of comprehensive income reporting contend that it substantially enhances the transparency of financial statements revealed by corporations (Ahmet, 2015).…”

Borsa İstanbul’daki̇ Şi̇rketleri̇n Faali̇yet Raporlarinin Okunabi̇li̇rli̇ği̇: Fi̇nansal Performans Kapsaminda Bi̇r Karşilaştirma

“…Performans ve okunabilirlik arasındaki ilişki, bu nedenle, literatürde farklı sonuçlarla karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bazı yazarlar, şirket performansı ile faaliyet raporlarının okunabilirliği arasında pozitif bir ilişki ile sonuçlanan ve gizleme hipotezini doğrulayan bir eğilim gözlemlerken (Jones, 1988;Baker ve Kare, 1992;Hossain ve Siddiquee, 2008;Hrasky vd., 2009), diğerleri ise böyle bir ilişki tespit edememiştir (Courtis, 1986;Courtis, 1995;Rutherford, 2003;Smith vd., 2006;Stellner, 2022).…”

المحددات التشغيلية لقابلية التقارير المالية السنوية للقراءة ببيئة الأعمال السعودية:هل الثقة الإدارية والاستقرار المالي مؤثران؟

“…‫ا‬ ‫القايس‬ ‫اا،‬ ‫ا‬ ‫السعمؾ‬ ‫اؾدة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عم‬ ‫از‬ ‫ا‬ ‫الترةي‬ ‫اؽ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫األخي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫الفت‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ية‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫السحاس‬ ‫اا،‬ ‫ا‬ ‫األدبي‬ ‫اض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫بع‬ ‫اام‬ ‫ا‬ ‫امتس‬ ‫اؾل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫طح‬ ‫اة‬ ‫الدالي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ؾي‬ ‫الم‬ ‫اسا،‬ ‫الد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫اتشد‬ ‫طد‬ ‫بدصمة‬ ‫قاصيس‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عم‬ (Syntactic and Semantic ‫اا‬ ‫مس‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ةغ‬ ‫ايؽ‬ ‫رجهت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عم‬ ‫اد‬ ‫يعتس‬ ‫اءة‬ ‫ار‬ ‫لمق‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ي‬ ‫التقر‬ ‫اة‬ ‫رقابمي‬ ‫االي‬ ‫الس‬ ‫ار‬ ‫اتقر‬ ‫ااس‬ ‫ايؽ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اري‬ ‫الشغ‬(Stellner, 2022; …”