Readiness to Perform Testing: A Critical Analysis of the Concept and Current Practices

Gilliland, Kirby; Schlegel, Robert E.

doi:10.1037/e586192011-001

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…These measures (e.g., alertness levels, performance estimates) of physiological state are measured relative to a standard such as the individual's baseline and/or a group norm ( 91 ). For example, ocular-based, readiness-to-perform, or fi tnessfor-duty devices often measure various aspects of the visual system of the individual prior to a duty period to determine if they can maintain optimal performance throughout the work period ( 60 ).…”

Section: B Off-line Fatigue Prediction Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation

Caldwell¹,

Mallis²,

Caldwell³

et al. 2009

aviat space environ med

236

188

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Pilot fatigue is a significant problem in modern aviation operations, largely because of the unpredictable work hours, long duty periods, circadian disruptions, and insufficient sleep that are commonplace in both civilian and military flight operations. The full impact of fatigue is often underappreciated, but many of its deleterious effects have long been known. Compared to people who are well-rested, people who are sleep deprived think and move more slowly, make more mistakes, and have memory difficulties. These negative effects may and do lead to aviation errors and accidents. In the 1930s, flight time limitations, suggested layover durations, and aircrew sleep recommendations were developed in an attempt to mitigate aircrew fatigue. Unfortunately, there have been few changes to aircrew scheduling provisions and flight time limitations since the time they were first introduced, despite evidence that updates are needed. Although the scientific understanding of fatigue, sleep, shift work, and circadian physiology has advanced significantly over the past several decades, current regulations and industry practices have in large part failed to adequately incorporate the new knowledge. Thus, the problem of pilot fatigue has steadily increased along with fatigue-related concerns over air safety. Accident statistics, reports from pilots themselves, and operational flight studies all show that fatigue is a growing concern within aviation operations. This position paper reviews the relevant scientific literature, summarizes applicable U.S. civilian and military flight regulations, evaluates various in-flight and pre-/postflight fatigue countermeasures, and describes emerging technologies for detecting and countering fatigue. Following the discussion of each major issue, position statements address ways to deal with fatigue in specific contexts with the goal of using current scientific knowledge to update policy and provide tools and techniques for improving air safety.

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Section: B Off-line Fatigue Prediction Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation

Caldwell¹,

Mallis²,

Caldwell³

et al. 2009

aviat space environ med

236

188

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this context, neurobehavioral tests for fatigue assessment not only need to be operationally and conceptually valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, generalizable, and easy to use [10, 11], but also brief enough to be acceptable for the target population and to allow for repeated administration in operational environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and sensitivity of a brief psychomotor vigilance test (PVT-B) to total and partial sleep deprivation

2011

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The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) objectively assesses fatigue-related changes in alertness associated with sleep loss, extended wakefulness, circadian misalignment, and time on task. The standard 10-min PVT is often considered impractical in applied contexts. To address this limitation, we developed a modified brief 3-min version of the PVT (PVT-B). The PVT-B was validated in controlled laboratory studies with 74 healthy subjects (34 female, aged 22–45 years) that participated either in a total sleep deprivation (TSD) study involving 33 hours awake (N=31 subjects) or in a partial sleep deprivation (PSD) protocol involving 5 consecutive nights of 4 hours time in bed (N=43 subjects). PVT and PVT-B were performed regularly during wakefulness. Effect sizes of 5 key PVT outcomes were larger for TSD than PSD and larger for PVT than for PVT-B for all outcomes. Effect size was largest for response speed (reciprocal response time) for both the PVT-B and the PVT in both TSD and PSD. According to Cohen's criteria, effect sizes for the PVT-B were still large (TSD) or medium to large (PSD, except for fastest 10% RT). Compared to the 70% decrease in test duration the 22.7% (range 6.9%-67.8%) average decrease in effect size was deemed an acceptable trade-off between duration and sensitivity. Overall, PVT-B performance had faster response times, more false starts and fewer lapses than PVT performance (all p<0.01). After reducing the lapse threshold from 500 ms to 355 ms for PVT-B, mixed model ANOVAs indicated no differential sensitivity to sleep loss between PVT-B and PVT for all outcome variables (all P>0.15) but the fastest 10% response times during PSD (P<0.001), and effect sizes increased from 1.38 to 1.49 (TSD) and 0.65 to 0.76 (PSD), respectively. In conclusion, PVT-B tracked standard 10-min PVT performance throughout both TSD and PSD, and yielded medium to large effect sizes. PVT-B may be a useful tool for assessing behavioral alertness in settings where the duration of the 10-min PVT is considered impractical, although further validation in applied settings is needed.

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“…Fitness-for-duty tests are usually single cognitive tests (or multiple short tests) administered at the beginning of the work period to determine whether an employee is able to perform his or her job duties. Originally introduced because they were considered less intrusive than urine drug screening (Gilliland & Schlegel, 1993), these tests need to fulfill a number of criteria to be useful in the operational environment, including high sensitivity, specificity, and reliability and few aptitude and practice effects. The tests should be brief and cheap, provide immediate feedback, and have face validity (for employee acceptance).…”

Section: Fatigue-detection Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of sleep need and fatigue mitigation into human systems operation.

Abe¹,

Goel²,

Basner³

et al. 2015

APA Handbook of Human Systems Integration.

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Fatigue is the word used by the public and throughout government, industry, and labor to indicate the effects of working too long, following too little rest, and being unable to sustain a certain level of performance on a task (Dinges, 1995). These issues overlap extensively with those that relate to sleepiness and its performance effects, and consequently, sleepiness and fatigue are used interchangeably in this chapter.

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Readiness to Perform Testing: A Critical Analysis of the Concept and Current Practices

Cited by 7 publications

References 82 publications

Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation

Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation

Validity and sensitivity of a brief psychomotor vigilance test (PVT-B) to total and partial sleep deprivation

Integration of sleep need and fatigue mitigation into human systems operation.

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