Reading a year later.

Kolers, Paul Α.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.2.5.554

Cited by 339 publications

(319 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Certainly, this explanation would be consistent with theories proposing abstract representations. Rather than speculating that talker and rate characteristics are preserved in memory representations per se, effects of variation on recognition memory could be due to the retention of the compensatory procedures that are used to abstract the linguistic identity of each word (Kolers, 1976;Kolers & Ostry, 1974). Thus, speaking rate and talker might have greater effects on memory performance than overall amplitude simply because these sources of variability require more extensive processing operations at the time of initial encoding that, once learned, would more greatly facilitate processing when repeated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of talker, rate, and amplitude variation on recognition memory for spoken words

Bradlow¹,

Nygaard

Pisoni

1999

Perception & Psychophysics

160

144

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This study investigated the encoding of the surface form of spoken words using a continuous recognition memory task. The purpose was to compare and contrast three sources of stimulus variability-talker, speaking rate, and overall amplitude-to determine the extent to which each source of variability is retained in episodic memory. In Experiment 1, listeners judged whether each word in a list of spoken words was "old" (had occurred previously in the list) or "new." Listeners were more accurate at recognizing a word as old if it was repeated by the same talker and at the same speaking rate; however, there was no recognition advantage for words repeated at the same overall amplitude. In Experiment 2, listeners were first asked to judge whether each word was old or new, as before, and then they had to explicitly judge whether it was repeated by the same talker, at the same rate, or at the same amplitude. On the first task, listeners again showed an advantage in recognition memory for words repeated by the same talker and at same speaking rate, but no advantage occurred for the amplitude condition. However, in all three conditions, listeners were able to explicitly detect whether an old word was repeated by the same talker, at the same rate, or at the same amplitude. These data suggest that although information about all three properties of spoken words is encoded and retained in memory, each source of stimulus variation differs in the extent to which it affects episodic memory for spoken words.A long-standing problem for theories of speech perception and spoken word recognition has been perceptual constancy in the face of a highly variable speech signal. Listeners extract stable linguistic percepts from an acoustic speech signal that varies substantially due to idiosyncratic differences in the size and shape of individual talkers' vocal tracts as well as to differences within and among talkers in factors such as speaking rate, dialect, speaking style, and vocal effort. Traditionally, researchers have adopted an abstractionist approach to the problem of perceptual constancy, assuming that variability in the speech signal is perceptual "noise" that must be "stripped away" during perception to arrive at a series of abstract, canonical linguistic units (see Pisoni, 1997). Research has typically focused either on searching for sets of acoustic, articulatory, or relational invariants hypothesized to allow access to phoneme-and ultimately word-sized units (e.g., Kewley-Port, 1983;Stevens & Blumstein, 1978) or on normalization algorithms and processes that would successfully filter out stimulus variation to arrive at the abstract units thought to underlie further

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of talker, rate, and amplitude variation on recognition memory for spoken words

Bradlow¹,

Nygaard

Pisoni

1999

Perception & Psychophysics

160

144

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…People spontaneously remember the presentation modalities of words (Hintzman, Block, & Inskeep, 1972;Hintzman, Block, & Summers, 1973;Kirsner, 1974;Lehman, 1982;Light, Stansbury, Rubin, & Linde, 1973), the spatial location of information in text (Lovelace & Southall, 1983;Rothkopf, 1971), and the exact wording of sentences (Begg, 1971;Keenan, MacWhinney, & Mayhew, 1977). Experiments on transformed text show the persistence of font details in memory after reading (Kolers, 1976;Kolers & Ostry, 1974), and similar findings occur with isolated printed words Kirsner, 1973;Roediger & Blaxton, 1987;Tenpenny, 1995). Given these data, Jacoby and Hayman (1987) suggested that printed word perception relies on episodic memory.…”

Section: Speaker Normalizationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Echoes of echoes? An episodic theory of lexical access.

Goldinger

1998

Psychological Review

1,262

101

1,416

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In this article the author proposes an episodic theory of spoken word representation, perception, and production. By most theories, idiosyncratic aspects of speech (voice details, ambient noise, etc.) are considered noise and are filtered in perception. However, episodic theories suggest that perceptual details are stored in memory and are integral to later perception. In this research the author tested an episodic model (MINERVA 2; D. L. Hintzman, 1986) against speech production data from a word-shadowing task. The model predicted the shadowing-response-time patterns, and it correctly predicted a tendency for shadowers to spontaneously imitate the acoustic patterns of words and nonwords. It also correctly predicted imitation strength as a function of "abstract" stimulus properties, such as word frequency. Taken together, the data and theory suggest that detailed episodes constitute the basic substrate of the mental lexicon.

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“…Instead, it appeared more informative to use weIl-EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT MEMORY 79 known procedures. Mirror drawing (Kolers, 1976), face identification (Ellis, Young, Flude, & Hay, 1987), and picture naming (Carroll et al, 1985) were not included because they involve material other than words, and lexical decision (Scarborough et al, 1977) was discarded because it involves a number of additional processing steps that are linked to decision processes (e.g., Lorch, 1986).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlational analyses of explicit and implicit memory performance

Perruchet

Baveux

1989

Memory & Cognition

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Sixty-four subjects were administered two tests of explicit memory (selective recall and recognition) and four tests of implicit memory (identification in a perceptual clarification procedure, word-fragment completion, tachistoscopic identification, and anagram solution). Each test drew on a different subset of a long list of previously displayed words. Although the four implicit memory tests showed sizable priming effects, correlational and factor analyses showed striking dissociations. On the one hand, performance on the perceptual clarification procedure and word-completion tests were related to one another, as well as to recall and recognition. On the other hand, performance on tachistoscopic identification and anagram solution were related to one another, but not to the measures for the other tasks. A framework is proposed to reconcile these new results with current knowledge on the explicit/implicit memory distinction, based in particular on studies of amnesic subjects. It is argued that a small number of tasks, especially tachistoscopic identification, may serve as relatively uncontaminated and ubiquitous indicators of implicit memory. However, explicit remembering could affect performance in so-called implicit memory tasks that allow for a strategy of controlled selection of candidate responses from accumulating cues, in experimental conditions that make the explicit remembering of relevant events possible.

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Reading a year later.

Cited by 339 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of talker, rate, and amplitude variation on recognition memory for spoken words

Effects of talker, rate, and amplitude variation on recognition memory for spoken words

Echoes of echoes? An episodic theory of lexical access.

Correlational analyses of explicit and implicit memory performance

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