“…Representation of race was multifaceted, as consideration of the visual culture of Africans by Europeans has particularly shown (Carerra, 2003; Kaplan, 1979; Parker et al., 2000; Walker, 2017). It is nonetheless clear that what Hall terms the “languages of blackness” mattered, as did “what people did with text”—how they read it, and re‐read it, how text was staged, performed and enacted, and how, by these means, concepts of racial difference were disseminated and reanimated outside the arena of real‐life colonial encounters (Chakravarty, 2020; Hall, 1995; Jones, 2019; Spiller, 2011, p. 21; Thompson, 2008, 2021).…”