“…For instance, modeling has been used to increase or improve self-initiated reading (Haskett & Lenfestey, 1974), parent's time-out skills (Flanagan, Adams, & Forehand, 1979), athletic skills (Shapiro & Shapiro, 1985), language skills (Goldstein & Brown, 1989), spontaneous speech (Kehle, Maddaus, Baratta, & Bray, 1998), obtaining teacher attention in the classroom (Craft, Alber, & Heward, 1998), and problem identification and problem analysis skills (Watson & Kramer, 1995). Modeling has also been used to decrease risk-taking behaviors (Potts & Swisher, 1998), bath avoidance (Downs, Rosenthal, & Lichstein, 1988), alcohol consump-tion (Caudill & Lipscomb, 1980), uncooperative behavior during dental treatment (Stokes & Kennedy, 1980), tics (Clarke, Bray, Kehle, & Truscott, in press), stuttering (Bray & Kehle, 1996), and aggressive behaviors in students with emotional disturbances (Morgan, 1998).…”