Ready-to-Eat Sandwiches as Source of Pathogens Endowed with Antibiotic Resistance and Other Virulence Factors

Camellini, Stefania; Iseppi, Ramona; Condò, Carla; Messi, Patrizia

doi:10.3390/app11167177

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Turkey 1 (0.3) Egypt [140] Vegetables 8 (3.1) South Africa [138] Not detailed 3 (0.8) Thailand [146], 20 (20.0) Jordan [118], 3 (1.3) Algeria [147], 4 (1) Taiwan [148], 1 (1.0) Croatia [142], 14 (5.5) South Africa [138], 6 (1.5) Nigeria [149], 3 (12.5) Italy [150] Vegetables Coriander 32 (1.6) Venezuela [151] Leafy vegetables 1 (10) Nigeria [152] Lettuce 1 (0.9) Spain [112] Tomato 16 (8.0) Venezuela [151] Not detailed 17 (2.3) Nigeria [95] Other Liquid whole egg 1 (0.25) Ethiopia [91] 1 listed according to the main component.…”

Section: Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence Characteristics and Distribution of the Pathogen Listeria ivanovii in the Environment and in Food

et al. 2022

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Listeria ivanovii and L. monocytogenes, are the only pathogenic species of the genus Listeria and share many virulence factors and mechanisms of pathogenicity. L. ivanovii shows host tropism towards small ruminants and rodents and much lower virulence for humans compared to L. monocytogenes. However, severe infections caused by L. ivanovii, resulting in bacteremia, abortion and stillbirth, occasionally occurred in immunocompromised persons and in pregnant women, while in immunocompetent hosts L. ivanovii can cause gastroenteritis. In this review, the updated knowledge on virulence aspects and distribution of L. ivanovii in the environment and in food is summarized. Recent research on its virulence characters at genome level gave indications on how pathogenicity evolved in this bacterial species. As for L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii infections occurred after the ingestion of contaminated food, so an overview of reports regarding its distribution in food products was carried out to obtain indications on the categories of foods exposed to contamination by L. ivanovii. It was found that a wide variety of food products can be a source of this microorganism and that, like L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii is able to persist in the food production environment. Studies on its ability to grow in enrichment and isolation media suggested that its occurrence in nature might be underestimated. Moreover, virulence varies among strains for differences in virulence character regulation, presence/absence of genetic regions and the possible instability of a Listeria pathogenicity genomic island, LIPI-2, which is unique to L. ivanovii. We can conclude that L. ivanovii, as a possible pathogen for animals and humans, requires more focused investigations regarding its occurrence in the environment and in food and on intra-species variability of pathogenic potential.

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Section: Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence Characteristics and Distribution of the Pathogen Listeria ivanovii in the Environment and in Food

et al. 2022

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“…(1.0) Croatia [136], 14 (5.5) South Africa [132], 6 (1.5) Nigeria [143], 3 (12.5) Italy [144] Vegetables Leafy vegetables 1 (10) Nigeria [146] Lettuce 1 (0.9) Spain [103] Tomato 16 (8.0) Venezuela [145] Not detailed 17 (2.3) Nigeria [90] Other Liquid whole egg 1 (0.25) Ethiopia [86] 1 listed according to the main component.…”

Section: Dairy Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence Characteristics and Distribution of the Pathogen <em>Listeria</em> <em>Ivanovii</em> in the Environment and in Food

Rossi¹,

Giaccone²,

Colavita³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Listeria ivanovii and L. monocytogenes, are the only pathogenic species of the genus Listeria and share many virulence factors and mechanisms of pathogenicity. L. ivanovii shows host tropism towards small ruminants and rodents and much lower virulence for humans compared to L. monocytogenes. However, severe infections caused by L. ivanovii, resulting in bacteremia, abortion and stillbirth, occasionally occurred in immunocompromised persons and in pregnant women, while in immunocompetent hosts L. ivanovii can cause gastroenteritis. In this review the updated knowledge on virulence aspects and distribution of L. ivanovii in the environment and in food are summarized. Recent research on its virulence characters at genome level gave indications on how pathogenicity evolved in this bacterial species. As for L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii infections occur after the ingestion of contaminated food, so an overview of reports regarding its distribution in the food products was carried out to obtain indications on the categories of foods exposed to contamination by L. ivanovii. It was found that a wide variety of food products can be a source of this microorganism and that, like L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii is able to persist in the food production environment. Studies on its ability to grow in enrichment and isolation media suggested that its occurrence in nature might be underestimated. Moreover, virulence varies among strains for differences in virulence character regulation, presence/absence of genetic regions and the possible instability of a Listeria pathogenicity genomic island, LIPI-2, which is unique to L. ivanovii. We can conclude that L. ivanovii, as a possible pathogen for animals and humans, requires more focused investigations regarding its occurrence in the environment and in food and on intra-species variability of pathogenic potential.

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“…Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods are pre-cooked, pre-cleaned, and mostly packaged foods that are ready for consumption without prior preparation or cooking [6]. RTE includes salads, cooked meats, smoked fish, desserts, sandwiches, cheese, and food cooked in advance to serve cold, being an increasing commodity in the industrialized world [7]. However, another aspect of these foods is present in developing countries, where RTE street foods are sold by vendors and hawkers in public places for immediate or later consumption without any further processing or preparation [6,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Socioeconomic Factors of Street Food Vending in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Public Health: A Systematic Review

Salamandane,

Malfeito-Ferreira,

Brito

2023

Foods

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The sale of ready-to-eat (RTE) street food represents an important source of income in many developing countries. However, these foods are frequently implicated in outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases. Street food vendors face several constraints that hamper improvement in the microbiological quality of their products. The aim of this review was to update knowledge about the main causes of foodborne illnesses in developing countries, including the growing concern with the microbial transmission of antibiotic resistance. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review was conducted on original articles published from January 2010 to July 2023. The search was carried out using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), the International Information System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS), as well as isolated searches of relevant articles from Google Scholar. The initial search identified 915 articles, 50 of which were included in this systematic review. The results indicate that, in the majority of the 15 countries examined, women constitute the predominant segment of street food vendors, representing more than 55% of the total number of these vendors. In 11 countries, street food vendors under the age of 18 were identified. Most vendors had a low level of education and, consequently, were unaware of good hygiene practices when handling food. The combination of factors such as poor hygiene practices on the part of food handlers and the lack of facilities, namely, the absence of available potable water, were frequently listed as the main causes of food contamination. Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli (61.9%), Salmonella (30.1%), and Shigella spp. (9.5%), as well as Staphylococcus aureus (30.1%) and Listeria monocytogenes (14.3%), were the most common pathogens found in RTE street foods. In 22 studies from 13 developing countries, 59% (13/22) reported high multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae (40% to 86.4% in E. coli, 16.7 to 70% in Salmonella, and 31 to 76.4% in S. aureus). To address the challenges faced by street vendors and improve their economic activities, it is necessary for government entities, consumers, and vendors to work together collaboratively.

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Ready-to-Eat Sandwiches as Source of Pathogens Endowed with Antibiotic Resistance and Other Virulence Factors

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Virulence Characteristics and Distribution of the Pathogen Listeria ivanovii in the Environment and in Food

Virulence Characteristics and Distribution of the Pathogen Listeria ivanovii in the Environment and in Food

Virulence Characteristics and Distribution of the Pathogen <em>Listeria</em> <em>Ivanovii</em> in the Environment and in Food

The Socioeconomic Factors of Street Food Vending in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Public Health: A Systematic Review

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