“…Some of the major challenges in the electronification of assessment processes include high initial cost of investment (Ghouali et al, 2020), Internet quota, access, and poor signal coverage (Agung et al, 2020;Basuony et al, 2020), and computing infrastructure constraints (Niemi & Kousa, 2020;Wahab & Iskandar, 2020;Bączek et al, 2021). Other challenges include software issues (Abduh, 2021), cheating and security threats on academic integrity (Mukhtar et al, 2020), content design (Doğan et al, 2020), teachers' lack of trust (Mostafa, 2023), unpreparedness and educator readiness (Efriana, 2021;Vergonia & Mombas, 2022), and students' digital illiteracy (Windram et al, 2022). The combination of all these issues signifies that going for online assessment is a process that requires careful planning, preparation, and execution to ensure a smooth adoption.…”