Reaffirmation of AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis and Management of the Initial Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants and Young Children 2–24 Months of Age

Roberts, Kenneth B.; Downs, Stephen M.; Finnell, S. Maria E.; Hellerstein, Stanley; Shortliffe, Linda D.; Wald, Ellen R.; Zerin, J. Michael

doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3026

Cited by 223 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…DIAGNOSIS "Action Statement 3: To establish the diagnosis of UTI, clinicians should require both urinalysis results that suggest infection (pyuria and/or bacteriuria) and the presence of at least 50,000 colony-forming units (CFUs) per mL of a uropathogen cultured from a urine specimen obtained through catheterization or SPA." 3 To distinguish asymptomatic bacteriuria or contamination from a true UTI, the AAP Guideline requires both a positive urinalysis (UA) and culture for a diagnosis of a UTI. 3 Historically, the UA was considered to be poorly sensitive for infections in young infants, with older studies reporting sensitivities ranging from 40% to 82% using urine culture as the gold standard.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3 To distinguish asymptomatic bacteriuria or contamination from a true UTI, the AAP Guideline requires both a positive urinalysis (UA) and culture for a diagnosis of a UTI. 3 Historically, the UA was considered to be poorly sensitive for infections in young infants, with older studies reporting sensitivities ranging from 40% to 82% using urine culture as the gold standard. [4][5][6][7] Thus, infants aged <2 months with positive urine cultures and negative UAs are often treated as having true UTIs, though this practice varies by institution.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The clinician should base the choice of agent on local antimicrobial sensitivity patterns (if available) and should adjust the choice according to sensitivity testing of the isolated uropathogen." 3 Most infants <2 months old with UTIs are hospitalized initially because of fever. Therefore, the decision point for most clinicians is not whether to hospitalize but for how long to hospitalize and treat with intravenous (IV) antibiotics prior to discharging home on oral antibiotics.…”

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“…25 "Action Statement 4b: The clinician should choose 7 to 14 days as the duration of antimicrobial therapy." 3 The AAP's recommendation to provide antibiotics (by oral or parenteral route) for a minimum of seven days total stems from a 2002 meta-analysis comparing long (7-14 days) vs short (≤3 days) courses, where the pooled relative risk of treatment failure with short-course therapy was 1.94 (95% CI: 1.19-3.15). 26 However, in this analysis, the trials that demonstrated inferiority with short courses were all trials that used single doses of antibiotics, and a similar Cochrane review comparing 2-4 days with 7-14 days demonstrated no differences in outcomes.…”

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“…IMAGING "Action Statement 5: Febrile infants with UTIs should undergo renal and bladder ultrasonography (RBUS)." 3 The AAP Guideline acknowledges that the RBUS is a poor screening test for the detection of genitourinary abnormalities in infants. 3 The RBUS can be normal in infants with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) or show nonspecific findings of unclear clinical significance.…”

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Diagnosis and Management of UTI in Febrile Infants Age 0–2 Months: Applicability of the AAP Guideline

Chang

Wang

Schroeder

2020

Journal of Hospital Medicine

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U rinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infection and one of the most common reasons for hospitalization in young infants. 1,2 The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has published several clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of febrile children ages 2-24 months with first-time UTIs, most recently in 2011 and affirmed in 2016. 3 These guidelines do not provide recommendations for infants aged <2 months, which leads to uncertainty regarding the diagnosis and management of UTIs for infants in this age group. We assess the applicability of the AAP UTI Guideline's action statements for infants aged <2 months presenting with first-time UTIs, with an emphasis on recent evidence. Because the considerations for bacterial infections differ for febrile infants aged <2 months compared with older infants, we do not discuss action statements one and two (determination of the likelihood of UTIs and decision to test urine) and statement seven (medical evaluation for fever after first UTI). 3 Additionally, because concomitant bacteremia and meningitis are more common in this age group than in older infants, we review some of the controversies surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of these disease entities. DIAGNOSIS"Action Statement 3: To establish the diagnosis of UTI, clinicians should require both urinalysis results that suggest infection (pyuria and/or bacteriuria) and the presence of at least 50,000 colony-forming units (CFUs) per mL of a uropathogen cultured from a urine specimen obtained through catheterization or SPA." 3 To distinguish asymptomatic bacteriuria or contamination from a true UTI, the AAP Guideline requires both a positive urinalysis (UA) and culture for a diagnosis of a UTI. 3 Historically, the UA was considered to be poorly sensitive for infections in young infants, with older studies reporting sensitivities ranging from 40% to 82% using urine culture as the gold standard. 4-7 Thus, infants aged <2 months with positive urine cultures and negative UAs are often treated as having true UTIs, though this practice varies by institution. 8 Possible explanations for the low UA sensitivity in this population include rapid bladder emptying, immature immune systems, and inability to concentrate urine. However, a negative UA plus a positive urine culture could also represent a "true negative" UA and a "false positive" culture, a finding that may be more common in young infants in whom sterile urine obtainment is often challenging.Two recent studies have addressed this issue by evaluating the UA sensitivity in patients with bacteremic UTIs, as growth of the same pathogenic organism from the blood and urine almost certainly represents true infection. 9,10 In a retrospective study of 203 infants aged <3 months with bacteremic UTIs, the presence of any leukocyte esterase (LE) or pyuria (>3 white blood cells per high-powered field [WBC/HPF]) had a sensitivity of 99.5% (95% CI: 98.5%-100%) and specificity of 93.9% (95% CI: 87.8%-93.2%). 9 In a prospective, multicenter stu...

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Diagnosis and Management of UTI in Febrile Infants Age 0–2 Months: Applicability of the AAP Guideline

Chang

Wang

Schroeder

2020

Journal of Hospital Medicine

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Comparative Effectiveness of Antibiotic Treatment Duration in Children With Pyelonephritis

et al. 2020

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IMPORTANCE National guidelines recommend treating children with pyelonephritis for 7 to 14 days of antibiotic therapy, yet data are lacking to suggest a more precise treatment duration. OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical outcomes of children receiving a short-course vs a prolongedcourse of antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective observational study using inverse probability of treatment weighted propensity score analysis of data from 5 hospitals in Maryland between July 1, 2016, and October 1, 2018. Participants were children aged 6 months to 18 years with a urine culture growing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, or Proteus mirabilis with laboratory and clinical criteria for pyelonephritis. EXPOSURES Treatment of pyelonephritis with a short-course (6 to 9 days) vs a prolonged-course (10 or more days) of antibiotics. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Composite outcome of treatment failure within 30 days of completing antibiotic therapy: (a) unanticipated emergency department or outpatient visits related to urinary tract infection symptoms, (b) hospital readmission related to UTI symptoms, (c) prolongation of the planned, initial antibiotic treatment course, or (d) death. A subsequent urinary tract infection caused by a drug-resistant bacteria within 30 days was a secondary outcome. RESULTS Of 791 children who met study eligibility criteria (mean [SD] age 9.2 [6.3] years; 672 [85.0%]) were girls, 297 patients (37.5%) were prescribed a short-course and 494 patients (62.5%) were prescribed a prolonged-course of antibiotics. The median duration of short-course therapy was 8 days (interquartile range, 7-8 days), and the median duration of prolonged-course therapy was 11 days (interquartile range, 11-12 days). Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups in the inverse probability of treatment weighted cohort. There were 79 children (10.1%) who experienced treatment failure. The odds of treatment failure were similar for patients prescribed a short-course vs a prolonged-course of antibiotics (11.2% vs 9.4%; odds ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.75-1.98). There was no significant difference in the odds of a drug-resistant uropathogen for patients with a subsequent urinary tract infection within 30 days when prescribed a short-courses vs prolonged-course of antibiotics (40% vs 64%; odds ratio, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.09-1.43). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The study findings suggest that short-course antibiotic therapy may be as effective as prolonged-courses for children with pyelonephritis, and may mitigate the risk of future drug-resistant urinary tract infections. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.

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Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis Among Febrile Infants Aged 29-60 Days With Positive Urinalysis Results

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Fever in the first months of life remains one of the most common pediatric problems.Urinary tract infections are the most frequent serious bacterial infections in this population. All published guidelines and quality initiatives for febrile young infants recommend lumbar puncture (LP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing on the basis of a positive urinalysis result to exclude bacterial meningitis as a cause. For well infants older than 28 days with an abnormal urinalysis result, LP remains controversial.OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of bacterial meningitis among febrile infants 29 to 60 days of age with a positive urinalysis result to evaluate whether LP is routinely required.DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and Embase were searched for articles published from January 1, 2000, to July 25, 2018, with deliberate limitation to recent studies. Before analysis, the search was repeated (October 6, 2019) to ensure that new studies were included.STUDY SELECTION Studies that reported on healthy, full-term, well-appearing febrile infants 29 to 60 days of age for whom patient-level data could be ascertained for urinalysis results and meningitis status were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted in accordance with Preferred ReportingItems for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess bias. Pooled prevalences and odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using randomeffect models. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome was the prevalence of culture-proven bacterial meningitis among infants with positive urinalysis results. The secondary outcome was the prevalence of bacterial meningitis, defined by CSF testing or suggestive history at clinical follow-up. RESULTSThe parent search yielded 3227 records; 48 studies were included (17 distinct data sets of 25 374 infants). The prevalence of culture-proven meningitis was 0.44% (95% CI, 0.25%-0.78%) among 2703 infants with positive urinalysis results compared with 0.50% (95% CI, 0.33%-0.76%) among 10 032 infants with negative urinalysis results (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.39-1.38). The prevalence of bacterial meningitis was 0.25% (95% CI, 0.14%-0.45%) among 4737 infants with meningitis status ascertained by CSF testing or clinical follow-up and 0.28% (95% CI, 0.21%-0.36%) among 20 637 infants with positive and negative urinalysis results (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.48-1.68). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, the prevalence of bacterial meningitis in well-appearing febrile infants 29 to 60 days of age with positive urinalysis (continued) Key Points Question Are well-appearing febrile infants 29 to 60 days of age with positive urinalysis results at increased risk for bacterial meningitis? Findings In a systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 distinct international data sets (25 374 infants), the pooled prevalence of bacterial meningitis among infants with positive urinalysis results ranged from 0.25% (by cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] cultures or clinical definition) to 0.44% (by CS...

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Reaffirmation of AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis and Management of the Initial Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants and Young Children 2–24 Months of Age

Cited by 223 publications

References 15 publications

Diagnosis and Management of UTI in Febrile Infants Age 0–2 Months: Applicability of the AAP Guideline

Diagnosis and Management of UTI in Febrile Infants Age 0–2 Months: Applicability of the AAP Guideline

Comparative Effectiveness of Antibiotic Treatment Duration in Children With Pyelonephritis

Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis Among Febrile Infants Aged 29-60 Days With Positive Urinalysis Results

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