Real-driving emissions from cars and light commercial vehicles – Results from 13 years remote sensing at Zurich/CH

Chen, Yuche; Borken‐Kleefeld, J.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.040

Cited by 118 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…above the equivalent of Euro 4, which translates to halving the percentage of high emitters for such vehicles. For example, for Europe or Japan for most recent years this results in a lower overall rate of about 2 %, which is consistent with assessments for the US and Europe (Chen and Borken-Kleefeld, 2014;McClintock, 2007).…”

Section: High-emitting Vehiclessupporting

confidence: 69%

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 ), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source-and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5 • × 0.5 • longitude-latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included.We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO 2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30 % in 1990 to well below 15 % in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50 % to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60 % of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60 % for BC and OC, 45 % for PM 2.5 , and less than 40 % for PM 10 , where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15 % of PM 2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50 %, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources.This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atmospheric transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyo...

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Section: High-emitting Vehiclessupporting

confidence: 69%

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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“…In that study, the diesel car emissions were striking because they exceeded the HBEFA average over all Euro classes by more than 50%. The study by Chen and Borken-Kleefeld (2014) states that street emissions generally complied with the HBEFA emission factors when allowing a 6% engine deterioration per 50,000 km and accounting for engine load. Their study is based on the older HBEFA version 3.1, which may also contribute to differences between their results and ours.…”

Section: No X /Co 2 Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Carslaw et al (2011) set up an across-road vehicle emissions monitoring system (RSD-4600) in London based on measuring nondispersive infrared (NDIR) and ultraviolet (UV) light across exhaust plumes. The measurement strategy was successfully realized for CO 2 , NO, NO 2 , and NO x , and further developments yielded reliable results for a large sample of single vehicles (> 70,000 vehicles) (Beevers et al 2012;Carslaw and Rhys-Tyler 2013;Chen and Borken-Kleefeld 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-world vehicle emissions as measured by in situ analysis of exhaust plumes

Peitzmeier

Loschke

Wiedenhaus

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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We conducted a 60-day roadside measurement campaign on a busy street in Münster, Germany, during summer 2016. We used gas and particle concentration measurements with high temporal resolution (10 Hz) to quantify both the emission ratios of nitrogen oxides per carbon dioxide (NO x /CO 2 ) for over 70,000 individual exhaust plumes as well as the emission ratios for size-resolved particle numbers per carbon dioxide (d(PN CO 2 −1 )/dlogD) for about 10,000plumes. The real-world fleet passing by the measurement station consisted of passenger cars (85%), buses (5.9%), light duty commercial vehicles (5.7%), trucks (1.7%), and motorcycles (1.6%). The median measured NO x /CO 2 ratio was 3.33 g kg −1 . The median measured PN/CO 2 emission ratio for particles with diameters between 0.03 and 10 μm was 5.6 × 10 14 kg −1 . We compared our results with the Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) and the Euro 5 and Euro 6 emission standards by employing traffic counts, assuming the diesel-to-gasoline ratios of vehicles according to registration statistics, and estimating that stop-and-go traffic occurred 65% of the time. Using a conservative estimate, our median ratios exceeded the HBEFA data by more than 65% for NO x /CO and by a factor of about 100 for PN/CO 2. Furthermore, our median NO x emission per kilometer travelled (NO x km −1 ) exceeded the Euro 5 emission limit for diesel cars by a factor of 3 and exceeded the Euro 6 limit by almost a factor of 7. Additionally, our median particle number emission (PN km −1 ) exceeded the Euro 5 and Euro 6 limits of diesel cars by a factor of almost 150. These results confirm the presumption that the emissions of a real-world traffic fleet comprehensively exceed the legal limits. Very likely, the widespread presence of defeat devices in vehicle emission control systems plays a major role in this discrepancy. This has a strong impact on the apparent inability of authorities to comply with the legal limits of the NO 2 concentrations in urban air.

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“…There is also another study on a Monitoring of real-world emissions of road vehicles is important for reviewing the effectiveness of control measures and for taking into account all real-world variables that may affect emissions [31,32]. We found only two papers in literature dealing with on-road procedures involving HDD vehicles that obtained small PCDD/F emission factors varying between 0.6 and 5.1 pg I-TEQ/Nm 3 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…No reference works dealing with on-road samplings in passenger vehicles have been found. Table S3 of the supporting information summarizes some published data concerning the main congeners (without toxicity factors), the congeners that contribute to the total toxicity I-TEQ (taking into account the toxicity factors), and the percentage x 100 of Page 5 of 32 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 5 PCDFs/(PCDFs+PCDDs) without and with TEF factors [2,3,6,8,[15][16][17][18][19]21,22,24,26,27,[29][30][31][32][33].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%