Real evapotranspiration and transpiration through a tropical rain forest in central Amazonia as estimated by the water balance method

Leopoldo, Paulo Rodolfo; Franken, Wolfram; Nova, Nílson Augusto Villa

doi:10.1016/0378-1127(94)03487-h

Cited by 73 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Estudos de balanço de energia -contabilização líquida entre toda energia radiante recebida e perdida na superfície -mostram que em superfícies umedecidas, a maior parcela da radiação líquida (Rn), é convertida em calor latente (λE), seguido pelo calor sensível (H). Por ser uma grande reserva hídrica, na floresta Amazônica aproximadamente 70 % de Rn é convertido em λE, indicando que esta é uma grande fornecedora de calor latente para a atmosfera (Leopoldo et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Partição do saldo de radiação em áreas de floresta amazônica e floresta de transição Amazônia - cerrado

Andrade

Aguiar

Sanches

et al. 2009

Rev. bras. meteorol.

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RESUMONo presente trabalho fez-se uma análise do comportamento sazonal e do ciclo diário de parâmetros micrometeorológicos e dos fluxos de energia, para áreas de floresta Amazônica (Rebio Jaru) e de Transição Amazônia-Cerrado (Fazenda Maracaí). As medidas foram realizadas por equipamentos instalados em torres micrometeorológicas do projeto LBA (Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia), uma localizada no município de Ji-Paraná, RO (área de floresta Amazônica) e outra localizada no município de Sinop, MT (área de floresta de Transição). A análise dos resultados obtidos indica a existência de uma sazonalidade bem definida, com uma estação seca e outra úmida em ambas as localidades, o que é refletido no comportamento da precipitação, umidade do ar e temperatura e, consequentemente, nos fluxos de calor latente (λE) e calor sensível (H). No balanço de energia, as médias diárias demonstraram comportamento diferenciado de λE, nas diferentes áreas, indicando maior facilidade de adaptação da floresta Amazônica ao período de seca. A partição Rn/λE apresentou comportamento sazonal semelhante para ambas as áreas, com maiores valores durante a estação úmida, que decrescem na estação seca. Palavras-chave: floresta tropical, balanço de energia, covariância dos vórtices turbulentos, sazonalidade. ABSTRACT: NET RADIATION PARTITION IN AMAZONIAN FOREST AND TRANSITIONAL AMAZONIA-CERRADO FOREST AREASIn this work the seasonal behavior and the daily cycle of micrometeorological parameters and energy fluxes, in Amazonian forest (Rebio Jaru) and Transitional Amazonia-Cerrado forest (Maracaí Farm) is analyzed. The measurements were done by equipments installed in the micrometeorological towers of LBA project (Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia), one located near from Ji-Paraná city, RO (area of Amazonian forest) and other located near from Sinop city, MT (area of Transitional forest). The results analysis indicate the existence of a well defined seasonality with dry and wet seasons in both localities, which is reflected in the behavior of the precipitation, air humidity and temperature and, consequently, in the latent heat (λE) and sensible heat (H) fluxes. In the energy balance, the daily means show a different behavior of λE, in both areas, indicating more adaptation capacity of Amazonia forest to the dry period. The Rn/λE partition values showed similar seasonal behavior for both areas, with larger values for the wet season, decreasing for the dry season.

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Partição do saldo de radiação em áreas de floresta amazônica e floresta de transição Amazônia - cerrado

Andrade

Aguiar

Sanches

et al. 2009

Rev. bras. meteorol.

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“…How clearing and post-clearing agricultural land use influences streamflow dynamics is more variable and depends on the infiltrability and hydraulic conductivity of soils [7], and the extent to which agricultural practices cause compaction of surface and subsurface soils [8]. In regions with predominantly vertical water flow pathways, groundwater-driven baseflows predominate in streams, and stormflows contribute only a small percentage (less than 5%) of total streamflow [9][10][11]. By contrast, regions in which soil infiltrability and hydraulic conductivity are lower and exceeded by intense rainfalls, overland flows or subsurface lateral flows develop and produce a much higher percentage (up to greater than 50%) of total streamflow in quick stormflows [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Watershed responses to Amazon soya bean cropland expansion and intensification

Neill

Coe

Riskin³

et al. 2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The expansion and intensification of soya bean agriculture in southeastern Amazonia can alter watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry by changing the land cover, water balance and nutrient inputs. Several new insights on the responses of watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry to deforestation in Mato Grosso have emerged from recent intensive field campaigns in this region. Because of reduced evapotranspiration, total water export increases threefold to fourfold in soya bean watersheds compared with forest. However, the deep and highly permeable soils on the broad plateaus on which much of the soya bean cultivation has expanded buffer small soya bean watersheds against increased stormflows. Concentrations of nitrate and phosphate do not differ between forest or soya bean watersheds because fixation of phosphorus fertilizer by iron and aluminium oxides and anion exchange of nitrate in deep soils restrict nutrient movement. Despite resistance to biogeochemical change, streams in soya bean watersheds have higher temperatures caused by impoundments and reduction of bordering riparian forest. In larger rivers, increased water flow, current velocities and sediment flux following deforestation can reshape stream morphology, suggesting that cumulative impacts of deforestation in small watersheds will occur at larger scales.

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“…Thus quickflow volumes are small and most originates from SOF and SSF within the riparian zones adjacent to the stream channel (c.f. Thornes 1981, 1984;Leopoldo et al 1995;Hodnett et al 1997a, b). For the partially converted forest basin, the annual runoff coefficient (stream discharge/precipitation) had increased from 0.57 to 0.76.…”

Section: Small Basin Studiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Previous small scale (≤1.3 km 2 ) catchment work in the central Amazonian area around Manaus has indicated that most streamflow originates from groundwater (≥91%, Lesack 1993;Leopoldo et al 1995) from deeply weathered, unconsolidated sediments of the Tertiary Barreiras formation. In the Asu experimental basin (6.58 km 2 ), Tomasella et al (2008) showed that during the wet season most of the changes in subsurface water storage occur in the unsaturated zone and it is the latter which dominates streamflow.…”

Section: The Role Of Groundwater-a Missing Linkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impacts of global change in the humid tropics: selected rainfall-runoff issues linked with tropical forest-land management

Bonell

2010

Irrig Drainage Syst

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Within the framework of IWRM, a major concern in the humid tropics is the effects of 'global warming' on the storm rainfall-runoff hydrology of both forests and converted forest lands. Further how such effects need to be incorporated within adaptive, forest-water-land management. But since the mid-20th century, dramatic changes in land-use (LU) and land cover (LC) have also occurred which have led to rapid rates of deforestation and an expansion of land-forest degradation. How much these man-induced impacts have been influential on climate -water relations, as against the effects of inherent climate variability and predicted climate change scenarios, still remains a major challenge to quantify. Thus embedded within the global warming issue are these additional LU/LC change impacts on climate-rainfall-storm runoff across scales which also require consideration under the broader mandate of 'global change'. The work will initially succinctly summarize the existing uncertainties linked with both Global Climate Models (GCMs). Subsequently more detailed attention will be given to uncertainties linked with LC/LU change. The experiences of hurricane Mitch in Central America will then set the scene for an alternative strategy. A principle message is a call for more concentrated research effort on geographically the outer margins of the 'maritime continent' (centred on the Indonesian Archipelago) in the Western Pacific where tropical cyclone frequency is very high. This region presents a diversity of socio-economies and an opportunity to produce adapted forest-land management measures in preparation for future global change (warming and anthropogenic). Such measures can then be extrapolated to currently less frequently, affected areas from extreme events like hurricane Mitch. Examples from research in the tropical-cyclone prone, "Wet Tropics" of Irrig Drainage Syst (2010) 24:279-325 northeast Australia linked with the management of tropical rainforests and the adjoining sugar cane lands are then used to demonstrate these opportunities.

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Real evapotranspiration and transpiration through a tropical rain forest in central Amazonia as estimated by the water balance method

Cited by 73 publications

References 24 publications

Partição do saldo de radiação em áreas de floresta amazônica e floresta de transição Amazônia - cerrado

Partição do saldo de radiação em áreas de floresta amazônica e floresta de transição Amazônia - cerrado

Watershed responses to Amazon soya bean cropland expansion and intensification

The impacts of global change in the humid tropics: selected rainfall-runoff issues linked with tropical forest-land management

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