“…For each realization we compute several performance metrics, which are averaged over all time steps t = 1, ..., T. We compute the state estimation error for each component, i = 1, 2, as given by the absolute difference between the digital twin estimate,Q i t , and the ground-truth value. We also compute the observation error, t , as given in (14). Finally, we report the accuracy of the UAV's decision making, given by the percentage of time steps in which the action taken by the UAV (informed by the state estimate), matches the optimal action (informed by the ground truth).…”