Real-Time Black Carbon Emission Factor Measurements from Light Duty Vehicles

Forestieri, Sara D.; Collier, Sonya; Kuwayama, Toshihiro; Zhang, Qi; Kleeman, Michael J.; Cappa, Christopher D.

doi:10.1021/es401415a

Cited by 38 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In contrast, the original EEPS inversion (labeled "default" by EEPS software) substantially under predicts PM mass (regression slope of 0.45 § 0.09) for reasons discussed below. MSS soot mass exhibits a 0.79 § 0.03 slope against gravimetric total mass, which agrees with previous reports that the majority of GDI PM is soot (Khalek et al 2010;Forestieri et al 2013). It is possible that the MSS response to GDI soot differs from diesel soot, but considering that both are formed under similar high temperature and high pressure 4-stroke engine conditions the difference is expected to be small.…”

Section: Pm Measurementsupporting

confidence: 89%

How well can aerosol instruments measure particulate mass and solid particle number in engine exhaust?

Maricq

Szente

Harwell

et al. 2016

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Aerosol instruments provide more informative engine exhaust particulate matter (PM) data than the gravimetric filter and solid particle number methods prescribed by regulations. Yet their lack of conformity to the regulatory methods can limit their acceptance for vehicle development. This article examines the ability of the Dekati Mass Monitor (DMM), Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS), and Micro Soot Sensor (MSS) to measure PM 2.5 mass and solid particle number relative to current motor vehicle PM emissions standards. Simultaneous PM measurements are made by these three instruments and the two regulatory methods for 50 tests of six gasoline direct injection and two port fuel injection vehicles over the U.S. Federal Test Procedure. DMM and EEPS determinations of PM mass correlate well to gravimetric values (regression slopes of 1.06 § 0.04 and 0.98 § 0.08) down to a few mg/mile, below which filter weighing variability becomes problematic. The MSS exhibits a lower slope of 0.79 § 0.03 consistent with it measuring the soot fraction, rather than total PM. At emissions rates above »10 13 particles/mile, solid particle number determined from DMM and EEPS data correlates respectably with, but overestimates the regulatory method (regression slopes are 1.7 § 0.1 and 1.4 § 0.15, respectively). Below this emissions rate, the correlation degrades. EEPS estimates of PM mass are significantly improved with the recent soot optimized inversion algorithm (slope improves from 0.45 to 0.98). While they cannot replace filters and solid particle counting, the present study suggests that these instruments can be used as more informative surrogates during motor vehicle development.

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Section: Pm Measurementsupporting

confidence: 89%

How well can aerosol instruments measure particulate mass and solid particle number in engine exhaust?

Maricq

Szente

Harwell

et al. 2016

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Due to a limited availability of the Licor, the CO 2 measurements utilized here were made with the HR-ToF-AMS. When both instruments were available, real-time measurements of CO 2 from the AMS compared well with those made with the Licor, within 6% on average Forestieri et al, 2013). Utilizing the CO 2 mixing ratios measured in the CVS and post-SDS sampling line as constraints, dilution and mixing in the SDS were modeled with a continuously mixed flow reactor model.…”

Section: Measurements Of No X Co and Co 2 Mixing Ratios At The Haagmentioning

confidence: 88%

On the primary emission of formic acid from light duty gasoline vehicles and ocean-going vessels

Crisp

Brady

Cappa

et al. 2014

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Detailed information regarding vehicles tested is available in Table S2 in the online supplemental information (SI). The SDS was designed to mimic the dilution and mixing that occur when emissions leave the tailpipe on the open road and can be exposed to varying conditions such as pre-existing background particles or elevated relative humidity (Robert et al 2007;Forestieri et al 2013). For the purposes of this study, results will be discussed only for test days where simple dilution occurred.…”

Section: Overview Of Vehicle Emission Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic PM Emissions from Vehicles: Composition, O/C Ratio, and Dependence on PM Concentration

Collier

Zhou

Kuwayama

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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A suite of real-time instruments was used to sample vehicle emissions at the California Air Resources Board Haagen-Smit facility. Eight on-road, spark-ignition gasoline and three alternative vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer and the emissions were diluted to atmospherically relevant concentrations (0.5-30 mg/m 3 ). An Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-MS) characterized the real-time behavior of the nonrefractory organic and inorganic particulate matter (PM) in vehicle emissions. It was found that the emission of particulate organic matter (POM) was strongly affected by engine temperature and engine load and that the emission concentrations could vary significantly by vehicle. Despite the small sample size, consistent trends in chemical characteristics were observed. The composition of vehicle POM was found to be related to overall PM mass concentration where the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio tended to increase at lower concentration and had an average value of 0.057 § 0.047, with a range from 0.022 to 0.15. The corresponding fraction of particle-phase CO 2 C , or f 44 , ranged from 1.1% to 8.6% (average D 2.1%) and exhibited a linear variation with O/ C. The average mass spectrum from all vehicles tested was also compared to those of hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) observed in ambient air and the agreement is very high. The results of these tests offer the vehicle emissions community a first glimpse at the real-time chemical composition and variation of vehicle PM emissions for a variety of conditions and vehicle types at atmospherically relevant conditions and without chemical interferences from other primary or secondary aerosol sources.

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Real-Time Black Carbon Emission Factor Measurements from Light Duty Vehicles

Cited by 38 publications

References 30 publications

How well can aerosol instruments measure particulate mass and solid particle number in engine exhaust?

How well can aerosol instruments measure particulate mass and solid particle number in engine exhaust?

On the primary emission of formic acid from light duty gasoline vehicles and ocean-going vessels

Organic PM Emissions from Vehicles: Composition, O/C Ratio, and Dependence on PM Concentration

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