Real-time concentration monitoring using a compact composite sensor array for in situ quality control of aqueous formulations

Real-Time Monitoring of Crystallization Processes Using a Novel Compact Composite Sensor Array

“…37,38 The PAT probes of the CCSA (Incentive Vision IR/UV, ITA-Instruments Ltd.) and the RamanRxn2 multichannel analyzer (immersion probe, Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc.) were inserted into the jacketed beaker, near the impeller blade. 37,38 The entire jacketed beaker was shielded with aluminum foil to eliminate external light exposure. 37,38,63 2.3.…”

“…37,38 The entire jacketed beaker was shielded with aluminum foil to eliminate external light exposure. 37,38,63 2.3. Crystallization.…”

“…68 Thereafter, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) f ilter function was utilized with a smoothing window of 2 min to minimize the background noise. 2,37,69 2.6. Raman Spectroscopy.…”

“…The intensity for the Raman shifts at 1680 cm −1 (FFA solution concentration), 685 cm −1 (FFA I), and 615 cm −1 (FFA III) were monitored by calculating the peak height using a two-point baseline correction. 20,70 37 To identify this correlation, the first derivative for all four signals in each of the three experiments (Table 1) were calculated (Figures S8−S10 in the Supporting Information). 69,71 The analysis revealed that for CR-1, CR-2, and CR-3 the signals at 600, 340, and 860 nm, respectively, showed the most significant signal changes at the onset of the crystallization.…”

“…2,36 Perhaps, for these reasons, sophisticated PATs with their typically bulky size resulting in larger space requirements are mostly documented for laboratory-scale applications. 6,30,36 Consequently, there is a general desire to reduce the costs of PATs, which has driven various research initiatives on innovative PATs and process analyzers in recent years, 37,38 including those focused on crystallization monitoring quantitatively 6,30,39,40 or qualitatively. 3,4,18,36,41,42 Moreover, small, compact composite PAT probes have been identified as a priority by the Enabling Technologies Consortium comprising 12 pharmaceutical companies.…”