Real‐Time Detection of the Ground Level Enhancement on 10 September 2017 by A.Ne.Mo.S.: System Report

Mavromichalaki, H.; Gerontidou, M.; Paschalis, P.; Paouris, Evangelos; Tezari, Anastasia; Sgouropoulos, C.; Crosby, Norma; Dierckxsens, M.

doi:10.1029/2018sw001992

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The CMEs and their associated SEPs corresponded to decreased intensities of cosmic rays (Forbush decreases) as the changing interplanetary magnetic field deflected a greater proportion away from Earth (Badruddin et al., 2019; Chertok et al., 2018). However, the intensities of high‐energy charged particles at Earth's surface increased (ground level enhancements), as the enhanced fluxes of SEPs augmented the typical background provided by cosmic rays (Cohen & Mewaldt, 2018; Copeland et al., 2018; Matthiä et al., 2018; Mavromichalaki et al., 2018; Mishev & Usoskin, 2018).…”

Section: Solar Storms Of September 2017 and Their Effects At Earth Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare on the Density and Composition of the Thermosphere of Mars

et al. 2020

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The effects of solar flares on the upper atmosphere of Mars are large but poorly constrained by observations. These effects are an important aspect of the response of Mars to space weather events and may also influence the escape of volatiles from Mars, particularly in the solar system's early history. Here we report the effects of the X8.2 flare on 10 September 2017 on the density and composition of the thermosphere of Mars. This analysis uses neutral number densities of He, O, N 2 , CO, Ar, and CO 2 from the MAVEN Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS). From these observations, we investigate how the enhanced solar irradiance during the flare produced changes in the neutral upper atmosphere of Mars due to atmospheric heating and photochemistry. Flare-produced photochemical changes in the neutral thermosphere of Mars have been previously implied but not quantified. We find that at fixed altitudes, the number densities of all species barring He increase and the O/CO 2 ratio decreases by ∼15-45%, indicating thermal expansion. However, when viewed at fixed total number densities, the densities of CO 2 and Ar decrease, and the O/CO 2 ratio increases by up to a factor of ∼3. The photodissociation of CO 2 is one photochemical process that produces changes resembling those identified. The quantified changes will help to constrain the shifting chemical makeup of the upper atmosphere due to these impactful flare events and may aid modeling of flare behavior and the impact of flares on the evolution of the Martian climate.

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Section: Solar Storms Of September 2017 and Their Effects At Earth Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare on the Density and Composition of the Thermosphere of Mars

et al. 2020

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“…We chose for our case study the 7-8th September 2017 geomagnetic storm, which is a part of the intense solar and geomagnetic disturbances that started on 6th September 2017. These disturbances generated many space weather phenomena, such as, solar flares (Berdermann et al, 2018), solar radio bursts (Sato et al, 2019), and radiation storms (Mavromichalaki et al, 2018;Mishev & Usoskin, 2018), and effects on near-Earth space, such as, plasmasphere erosion (Obana et al, 2019), high-frequency (HF) radio wave absorption and solar flare effects (Sfe, Curto et al, 2018) and ground induced currents (GIC, Dimmock et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of potential precursors for the occurrence of Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances in a case study during September 2017

Ferreira

Borries

Xiong

et al. 2020

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) reflect changes in the ionospheric electron density which are caused by atmospheric gravity waves. These changes in the electron density impact the functionality of different applications such as precise navigation and high-frequency geolocation. The Horizon 2020 project TechTIDE establishes a warning system for the occurrence of TIDs with the motivation to mitigate their impact on communication and navigation applications. This requires the identification of appropriate indicators for the generation of TIDs and for this purpose we investigate potential precursors for the TID occurrence. This paper presents a case study of the double main phase geomagnetic storm, starting from the night of 7th September and lasting until the end of 8th September 2017. Detrended Total Electron Content (TEC) derived from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements from more than 880 ground stations in Europe was used to identify the occurrence of different types of large scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) propagating over the European sector. In this case study, LSTIDs were observed more frequently and with higher amplitude during periods of enhanced auroral activity, as indicated by increased electrojet index (IE) from the International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE). Our investigation suggests that Joule heating due to the dissipation of Pedersen currents is the main contributor to the excitation of the observed LSTIDs. We observe that the LSTIDs are excited predominantly after strong ionospheric perturbations at high-latitudes. Ionospheric parameters including TEC gradients, the Along Arc TEC Rate (AATR) index and the Rate Of change of TEC index (ROTI) have been analysed for their suitability to serve as a precursor for LSTID occurrence in mid-latitude Europe, aiming for near real-time indication and warning of LSTID activity. The results of the presented case study suggest that the AATR index and TEC gradients are promising candidates for near real-time indication and warning of the LSTIDs occurrence in mid-latitude Europe since they have a close relation to the source mechanisms of LSTIDs during periods of increased auroral activity.

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“…Registration of a GLE can provide an early alert for the onset of SEP event, which is specifically important for various space weather services (for details see Kuwabara et al, 2006a,b). Accordingly, alert systems, based on NM records have been developed (Souvatzoglou et al, 2014;Mavromichalaki et al, 2018;Dorman et al, 2019). Most of those alert systems are based on a good coverage of the arrival direction of GLE particles by the global NM network since a given number of stations shall exhibit a count rate increase.…”

Section: Registration and Analysis Of Glesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current status and possible extension of the global neutron monitor network

Mishev

Usoskin

2020

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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The global neutron monitor network has been successfully used over several decades to study cosmic ray variations and fluxes of energetic solar particles. Nowadays, it is used also for space weather purposes, e.g. alerts and assessment of the exposure to radiation. Here, we present the current status of the global neutron monitor network. We discuss the ability of the global neutron monitor network to study solar energetic particles, specifically during large ground level enhancements. We demonstrate as an example, the derived solar proton characteristics during ground level enhancements GLE #5 and the resulting effective dose over the globe at a typical commercial jet flight altitude of 40 kft (≈12,200 m) above sea level. We present a plan for improvement of space weather services and applications of the global neutron monitor network, specifically for studies related to solar energetic particles, namely an extension of the existing network with several new monitors. We discuss the ability of the optimized global neutron monitor network to study various populations of solar energetic particles and to provide reliable space weather services.

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Real‐Time Detection of the Ground Level Enhancement on 10 September 2017 by A.Ne.Mo.S.: System Report

Cited by 25 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare on the Density and Composition of the Thermosphere of Mars

Effects of the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare on the Density and Composition of the Thermosphere of Mars

Identification of potential precursors for the occurrence of Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances in a case study during September 2017

Current status and possible extension of the global neutron monitor network

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