Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used for more than 2 decades as a development tool for solutions in several areas of the exploration and production (E&P) industry: virtual sensing, production control and optimization, forecasting, and simulation, among many others. Nevertheless, AI applications have not been consolidated as standard solutions in the industry, and most common applications of AI still are case studies and pilot projects.In this work, an analysis of a survey conducted on a broad group of professionals related to several E&P operations and service companies is presented. This survey captures the level of AI knowledge in the industry, the most common application areas, and the expectations of the users from AI-based solutions. It also includes a literature review of technical papers related to AI applications and trends in the market and in research and development.The survey helped to verify that (a) data mining and neural networks are by far the most popular AI technologies used in the industry; (b) approximately 50% of respondents declared they were somehow engaged in applying workflow automation, automatic process control, rule-based case reasoning, data mining, proxy models, and virtual environments; (c) production is the area most affected by the applications of AI technologies; (d) the perceived level of available literature and public knowledge of AI technologies is generally low; and (e) although availability of information is generally low, it is not perceived equally among different roles.This work aims to be a guide for personnel responsible for production and asset management on how AI-based applications can add more value and improve their decision making. The results of the survey offer a guideline on which tools to consider for each particular oil and gas challenge. It also illustrates how AI techniques will play an important role in future developments of information-technology (IT) solutions in the E&P industry.
IntroductionAlthough there is hardly a rigorous definition of the term "artificial intelligence" that is unequivocally accepted, the tools of AI and its intended uses have been well studied for decades and many applications have appeared. Loosely speaking, AI is the capability of machines (usually in the form of computer hardware and software) to mimic or exceed human intelligence in everyday engineering and scientific tasks associated with perceiving, reasoning, and acting. Because human intelligence is multifaceted, so is AI, comprising goals that range from knowledge representation and reasoning to learning, visual perception, and language understanding (Winston 1992). AI techniques have been present in the E&P industry for many years. A quick literature search reveals application of AI in SPE scientific and engineering papers as early as in the 1970s. There are numerous references about the
