Real-time implementation of the moving FFT algorithm

Lo, Pei-Chen; Lee, Yu-Yun

doi:10.1016/s0165-1684(99)00098-5

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The algorithm can be implemented as a standalone spectral analyzer board at a price of approximately $500 plus the cost of the display unit, without the need to interface with a computer. Although it is possible to improve the efficiency of the DFT real-time update and the compiler by as much as 20 × [ 1 , 2 ], such implementations would not match the improvement gained by using the NSE real-time algorithm, which was found by comparison of software algorithms to be approximately 150 × faster. The sampling rate using the hardware implementation of the NSE could possibly be further increased, being limited only by the settling times of the on-board components as compared with the fast clock speed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The radix-2 FFT program was also implemented for real time [ 16 ]. For ease of comparison, all FFT calculations were repeated for each sliding analysis window rather than using any of the shortcuts suggested by other authors [ 1 , 2 ]. Because the repetition of FFT calculations is time-consuming, it was run for only 512 input sample points.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early work found that it was possible to implement recursive and nonrecursive procedures to update the DFT estimate when an analysis window of N values (i.e., an ordered set, or block) is staggered by a moving size of M sample points, with both N and M being powers of two [ 1 ]. Using a complex split-radix implementation, it is possible to improve efficiency by 2-3 × for real-time update as compared with the radix-2 implementation [ 2 ]. Other algorithms have been developed that specifically target the implementation of the two-dimensional DFT, with reduction of up to 50% in the computation time being observed [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Software algorithm and hardware design for real-time implementation of new spectral estimator

Ciaccio

Biviano

Garan

2014

BioMedical Engineering OnLine

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BackgroundReal-time spectral analyzers can be difficult to implement for PC computer-based systems because of the potential for high computational cost, and algorithm complexity. In this work a new spectral estimator (NSE) is developed for real-time analysis, and compared with the discrete Fourier transform (DFT).MethodClinical data in the form of 216 fractionated atrial electrogram sequences were used as inputs. The sample rate for acquisition was 977 Hz, or approximately 1 millisecond between digital samples. Real-time NSE power spectra were generated for 16,384 consecutive data points. The same data sequences were used for spectral calculation using a radix-2 implementation of the DFT. The NSE algorithm was also developed for implementation as a real-time spectral analyzer electronic circuit board.ResultsThe average interval for a single real-time spectral calculation in software was 3.29 μs for NSE versus 504.5 μs for DFT. Thus for real-time spectral analysis, the NSE algorithm is approximately 150× faster than the DFT. Over a 1 millisecond sampling period, the NSE algorithm had the capability to spectrally analyze a maximum of 303 data channels, while the DFT algorithm could only analyze a single channel. Moreover, for the 8 second sequences, the NSE spectral resolution in the 3-12 Hz range was 0.037 Hz while the DFT spectral resolution was only 0.122 Hz. The NSE was also found to be implementable as a standalone spectral analyzer board using approximately 26 integrated circuits at a cost of approximately $500. The software files used for analysis are included as a supplement, please see the Additional files 1 and 2.ConclusionsThe NSE real-time algorithm has low computational cost and complexity, and is implementable in both software and hardware for 1 millisecond updates of multichannel spectra. The algorithm may be helpful to guide radiofrequency catheter ablation in real time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Software algorithm and hardware design for real-time implementation of new spectral estimator

Ciaccio

Biviano

Garan

2014

BioMedical Engineering OnLine

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“…The absolute phase of these two signals could be measured using a moving or sliding FFT (Ref. 33) and compared as shown in Fig. 8.…”

Section: Coherent Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermediate frequency band digitized high dynamic range radiometer system for plasma diagnostics and real-time Tokamak control

Bongers

Beveren

Thoen

et al. 2011

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication:• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website.• The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review.• The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. An intermediate frequency (IF) band digitizing radiometer system in the 100-200 GHz frequency range has been developed for Tokamak diagnostics and control, and other fields of research which require a high flexibility in frequency resolution combined with a large bandwidth and the retrieval of the full wave information of the mm-wave signals under investigation. The system is based on directly digitizing the IF band after down conversion. The enabling technology consists of a fast multi-giga sample analog to digital converter that has recently become available. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are implemented to accomplish versatile real-time data analysis. A prototype system has been developed and tested and its performance has been compared with conventional electron cyclotron emission (ECE) spectrometer systems. On the TEXTOR Tokamak a proof of principle shows that ECE, together with high power injected and scattered radiation, becomes amenable to measurement by this device. In particular, its capability to measure the phase of coherent signals in the spectrum offers important advantages in diagnostics and control. One case developed in detail employs the FPGA in real-time fast Fourier transform (FFT) and additional signal processing. The major benefit of such a FFT-based system is the real-time trade-off that can be made between frequency and time resolution. For ECE diagnostics this corresponds to a flexible spatial resolution in the plasma, with potential application...

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“…In many technical branches, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to compute discrete Fourier transform and to get the frequency characteristic of a signal [10], [11]. When only a signal power at selected frequencies is needed, the Running Discrete Fourier Transform (RDFT) is more effective [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Running discrete Fourier transform and its applications in control loop performance assessment

Schlegel

Skarda

Čech

2013

2013 International Conference on Process Control (PC)

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Control loop performance assessment (CLPA) techniques are crucial for optimizing any plant or machine. They can bring huge energy and material savings and increase product quality. In this paper, the employment of running discrete Fourier transform (RDFT) in CLPA field is discussed. The first part of the paper documents the development of new RDFT function block which is suitable for CLPA. The paper focuses on implementation aspects whose aim is to minimize the number of arithmetic operations and to avoid numerical errors which are cumulated in many algorithms when running over longer time period. Then three RDFT applications are introduced. They are mostly dedicated to CLPA area: The changes in RDFT output help to detect increasing valve stiction or reveal a cause of oscillations in the loop. RDFT can be also used for continuous monitoring of process changes at particular frequencies. The most advanced problem presented is the estimation of special performance indices. More specifically, key samples of sensitivity function are gained and compared to the reference ones. Inspired by the model free design techniques, only a minimum a priori information about the process is assumed. The authors believe that the presented ideas will be suitable for both academic and industrial sphere.

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Real-time implementation of the moving FFT algorithm

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Software algorithm and hardware design for real-time implementation of new spectral estimator

Software algorithm and hardware design for real-time implementation of new spectral estimator

Intermediate frequency band digitized high dynamic range radiometer system for plasma diagnostics and real-time Tokamak control

Running discrete Fourier transform and its applications in control loop performance assessment

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