For many solid cancers, radiation therapy is offered as an adjuvant to
surgical resection in order to lower rates of local recurrence and improve
survival. However, a subset of patients treated with surgery alone will not have
a local recurrence. Currently, there is no way to accurately determine which
patients have microscopic residual disease in the tumor bed after surgery and
therefore are most likely to benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy. To address
this problem, a number of technologies have been developed to try to improve
margin assessment of resected tissue and to detect residual cancer in the tumor
bed. Moreover, some of these approaches have been translated from the
preclinical arena into clinical trials. Here, we review different types of
intraoperative molecular imaging systems for cancer. Optical imaging techniques
like epi-illumination, fluorescence molecular tomography and optoacoustic
imaging can be coupled with exogenous fluorescent imaging probes that accumulate
in tumors passively via the enhanced permeability and retention effect or are
targeted to tumor tissues based on affinity or enzyme activity. In these
approaches, detection of fluorescence in the tumor bed may indicate residual
disease. Protease activated probes have generated great interest because of
their potential for leading to high tumor to normal contrast. Recently, the
first Phase I clinical trial to assess the safety and activation of a protease
activated probe was conducted. Spectroscopic methods like radiofrequency
spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, which are based on energy absorption and
scattering respectively, have also been tested in humans and are able to
distinguish between normal and tumors tissues intraoperatively. Most recently,
multi-modal contrast agents have been developed that target tumors and contain
both fluorescent dyes and MRI contrast agents, allowing for preoperative
planning and intraoperative margin assessment with a single contrast agent.
Further clinical testing of these various intraoperative imaging approaches may
lead to more accurate methods for margin assessment and the intraoperative
detection of microscopic residual disease, which could guide further resection
and the use of adjuvant radiation therapy.