“…By sending out signals for target detection, an active sonar system [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] unavoidably risks being detected and identified by the others too. In the last few decades, many methods have been proposed to improve the covert capability of active sonar systems through signal waveform design [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] from the perspectives of low probability of interception (LPI) or low probability of detection (LPD).…”