Real‐time monitoring of South American smoke particle emissions and transport using a coupled remote sensing/box‐model approach

Reid, Jeffrey S.; Prins, E. M.; Westphal, Douglas L.; Schmidt, Christopher C.; Richardson, Kim; Christopher, Sundar A.; Eck, T. F.; Reid, Elizabeth A.; Curtis, C. A.; Hoffman, Jonathan

doi:10.1029/2003gl018845

Cited by 82 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Although clouds can effectively remove aerosols through scavenging and rainout, they can also generate aerosol (e.g., in-cloud aqueous production of sulfate). Some studies suggest that significant biases may exist in some regions, when satellite measurements only for cloud-free conditions are assimilated into a model (Reid et al, 2004;Zhang and Reid, 2009). Partial constraints on the aerosol load above clouds could be obtained using the emerging satellite observations of AOD above clouds from CALIOP lidar Hu et al, 2007;Chand et al, 2008) and even passive sensors like POLDER, OMI, and MODIS (Waquet et al, 2009;Torres et al, 2012;Jethva et al, submitted for publication;Yu et al, 2012b).…”

Section: Limitations and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Correct transport modeling of smoke aerosol is almost entirely dependent on satellite-derived products that either identify and count fire hotspots or more quantitatively measure fire radiative power and relate that to aerosol emissions Pereira et al, 2009;Reid et al, 2009;Giglio et al, 2010;van der Werf et al, 2010;Ichoku et al, 2012 and references therein;Petrenko et al, 2012). The diurnal pattern of smoke emissions has been determined by applying overpasses at multiple times per day by the twin MODIS sensors on the polar orbiting Terra and Aqua satellites (Vermote et al, 2009;Ichoku et al, 2008), or using geostationary satellite observations (Reid et al, 2004;Zhang and Kondragunta, 2008). For mineral dust, most models rely on satellite data of land surface classification to identify the location of deserts, and a few models use satellite vegetation index data to impose the seasonal variation of the surface bareness for better temporal variation of dust emission (e.g., Zender et al, 2003;Kim et al, 2013).…”

Section: Source Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Satellite perspective of aerosol intercontinental transport: From qualitative tracking to quantitative characterization

Remer

Kahn

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Research

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Evidence of aerosol intercontinental transport (ICT) is both widespread and compelling. Model simulations suggest that ICT could significantly affect regional air quality and climate, but the broad inter-model spread of results underscores a need of constraining model simulations with measurements. Satellites have inherent advantages over in situ measurements to characterize aerosol ICT, because of their spatial and temporal coverage. Significant progress in satellite remote sensing of aerosol properties during the Earth Observing System (EOS) era offers the opportunity to increase quantitative characterization and estimates of aerosol ICT beyond the capability of pre-EOS era satellites that could only qualitatively track aerosol plumes. EOS satellites also observe emission strengths and injection heights of some aerosols, aerosol precursors, and aerosol-related gases, which can help characterize aerosol ICT. We review how the current generation of satellite measurements have been used to (1) characterize the evolution of aerosol plumes (e.g., both horizontal and vertical transport, and properties) on an episodic basis, (2) understand the seasonal and inter-annual variations of aerosol ICT and their control factors, (3) estimate the export and import fluxes of aerosols, and (4) evaluate and constrain model simulations. Substantial effort is needed to further explore an integrated approach using measurements from on-orbit satellites (e.g., A-Train synergy) for observational characterization and model constraint of aerosol intercontinental transport and to develop advanced sensors for future missions.

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Section: Limitations and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Source Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite perspective of aerosol intercontinental transport: From qualitative tracking to quantitative characterization

Remer

Kahn

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Research

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“…For these reasons, the potential for using geostationary systems for this purpose has received a significant amount of attention (Prins and Menzel, 1994;Prins et al, 1998;Govaerts et al, 2002;Roberts et al, 2005). In particular, active fire detections derived from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) satellite have been used by Reid et al (2004) and Holben et al (1996) to parameterize the lower boundary condition of atmospheric process models in order to determine smoke emissions longevity, transport, effects and fate, and despite their relatively coarse spatial resolution (4 km at nadir) the GOES-derived active fire data has shown significant impacts on forecasts of atmospheric aerosol loading (Reid et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual and diurnal african biomass burning temporal dynamics

2009

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Abstract. Africa is the single largest continental source of biomass burning emissions. Here we conduct the first analysis of one full year of geostationary active fire detections and fire radiative power data recorded over Africa at 15-min temporal interval and a 3 km sub-satellite spatial resolution by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SE-VIRI) imaging radiometer onboard the Meteosat-8 satellite. We use these data to provide new insights into the rates and totals of open biomass burning over Africa, particularly into the extremely strong seasonal and diurnal cycles that exist across the continent. We estimate peak daily biomass combustion totals to be 9 and 6 million tonnes of fuel per day in the northern and southern hemispheres respectively, and total fuel consumption between February 2004 and January 2005 is estimated to be at least 855 million tonnes. Analysis is carried out with regard to fire pixel temporal persistence, and we note that the majority of African fires are detected only once in consecutive 15 min imaging slots. An investigation of the variability of the diurnal fire cycle is carried out with respect to 20 different land cover types, and whilst differences are noted between land covers, the fire diurnal cycle characteristics for most land cover type are very similar in both African hemispheres. We compare the Fire Radiative Power (FRP) derived biomass combustion estimates to burned-areas, both at the scale of individual fires and over the entire continent at a 1-degree scale. Fuel consumption estimates are found to be less than 2 kg/m 2 for all land cover types noted to be subject to significant fire activity, and for savanna grasslands where literature values are commonly reported the FRP-derived median fuel consumption estimate of 300 g/m 2 is well within commonly quoted values. Meteosatderived FRP data of the type presented here is now available freely to interested users continuously and in near realtime for Africa, Europe and parts of South America via the EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of

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“…Most methods to convert the fire information to emissions of atmospheric tracers are based on empirical scaling coefficients from the burnt area (models GWEM of , FLAMBE of Reid et al (2004), INPE/CPTEC of Freitas et al, 2005) or, rarely, from the hot spots (GFED, Van der Werf et al, 2003) to fluxes of a mixture of species. The lists of species included in the emission models vary but usually CO 2 , CO and the total mass of aerosols are included, as these are amongst the most important constituents emitted by fires and measured in the atmosphere, thus allowing a direct calibration of a modelling system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An operational system for the assimilation of the satellite information on wild-land fires for the needs of air quality modelling and forecasting

et al. 2009

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Abstract. This paper investigates a potential of two remotely sensed wild-land fire characteristics: 4-µm Brightness Temperature Anomaly (TA) and Fire Radiative Power (FRP) for the needs of operational chemical transport modelling and short-term forecasting of atmospheric composition and air quality. The treatments of the TA and FRP data are presented and a methodology for evaluating the emission fluxes of primary aerosols (PM 2.5 and total PM) is described. The method does not include the complicated analysis of vegetation state, fuel load, burning efficiency and related factors, which are uncertain but inevitably involved in approaches based on burnt-area scars or similar products. The core of the current methodology is based on the empirical emission factors that are used to convert the observed temperature anomalies and fire radiative powers into emission fluxes. These factors have been derived from the analysis of several fire episodes in Europe (28.4-5.5.2006, 15.8-25.8.2006 and in August 2008. These episodes were characterised by: (i) well-identified FRP and TA values, and (ii) available groundbased observations of aerosol concentrations, and optical thickness for the regions where the contribution of the fire smoke to the concentrations of PM 2.5 was dominant, in comparison with those of other pollution sources. The emission factors were determined separately for the forested and grassland areas; in case of mixed-type land use, an intermediate scaling was assumed. Despite significant differences between the TA and FRP methodologies, an accurate nonlinear fitting was found between the predictions of these approaches. The agreement was comparatively weak only for small fires, for which the accuracy of both products is exCorrespondence to: M. Sofiev (mikhail.sofiev@fmi.fi) pected to be low. The applications of the Fire Assimilation System (FAS) in combination with the dispersion model SILAM showed that both the TA and FRP products are suitable for the evaluation of the emission fluxes from wild-land fires. The fire-originated concentrations of aerosols (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , sulphates and nitrates) and AOD, as predicted by the SILAM model were mainly within a factor of 2-3 compared with the observations. The main challenges of the FAS improvement include refining of the emission factors globally, determination of the types of fires (smouldering vs flaming), evaluation of the injection heights of the plumes, and predicting the temporal evolution of fires.

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Real‐time monitoring of South American smoke particle emissions and transport using a coupled remote sensing/box‐model approach

Cited by 82 publications

References 13 publications

Satellite perspective of aerosol intercontinental transport: From qualitative tracking to quantitative characterization

Satellite perspective of aerosol intercontinental transport: From qualitative tracking to quantitative characterization

Annual and diurnal african biomass burning temporal dynamics

An operational system for the assimilation of the satellite information on wild-land fires for the needs of air quality modelling and forecasting

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