Real-time PCR-based quantitation of viable Mycobacterium leprae strain from clinical samples and environmental sources and its genotype in multi-case leprosy families of India

Singh, Vikram; Turankar, Ravindra P.; Goel, Anjana

doi:10.1007/s10096-020-03958-w

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Earlier studies have also shown the presence of viable M. leprae using 16S rRNA in the environment of leprosy hospital areas which can be a possible source of infection (6,18,25,27). Existence of M. leprae DNA has been reported in water samples in Indonesia ( 12) and soil samples from high prevalence areas of North-East states of India (6,8,33). In some studies, it has been suggested that in endemic countries >50% of household contacts may have a history of intimate contact leprosy patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Existence of viable Mycobacterium leprae in natural environment and its genetic profiling in a leprosy endemic region

Turankar¹,

Singh²,

Lavania³

et al. 2022

Front. Trop. Dis

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IntroductionMolecular epidemiology of leprosy is very important to study leprosy transmission dynamics and to enhance our understanding of leprosy in endemic areas by utilizing the molecular typing method. Nowadays our understanding of leprosy transmission dynamics has been refined by SNP typing and VNTR marker analysis of M. leprae strains.ObjectiveThis study was carried out to find out the presence of viable M. leprae in the soil and water samples from residing areas of leprosy patients staying in different blocks of Purulia district of West Bengal, understanding their genotypes and compared with that of M. leprae present in patients.Material and methodsSlit-skin smear (SSS) samples (n=112) were collected from the active multibacillary leprosy patients from different blocks of leprosy endemic area. Soil samples (n=1060) and water samples (n=620) were collected from residing areas of leprosy patients. SNP subtyping was performed by PCR followed by sequencing. Multiplex PCR was performed using fifteen ML-VNTR loci and results were analysed.ResultsWe observed high PCR positivity in soil samples (344 out of 1060; 32%) and water samples (140 out of 620; 23%). These PCR positive samples when further screened for viability, it was observed that 150 soil samples (44%) and 56 water samples (40%) showed presence of 16S rRNA. SNP typing of M. leprae revealed presence of predominantly type 1. SNP subtype 1D (83%) was most prevalent in all the blocks of Purulia followed by subtype 1C (15%) and subtype 1A (2%). SNP subtype 2F was noted in only one sample. SNP and VNTR combination showed presence of similar strain type in certain pockets of Purulia region which was responsible for transmission.ConclusionPresence of viable M. leprae in the environment, and presence of SNP Type 1 M. leprae in patients and environment suggests both environment and patients play a role in disease transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Existence of viable Mycobacterium leprae in natural environment and its genetic profiling in a leprosy endemic region

Turankar¹,

Singh²,

Lavania³

et al. 2022

Front. Trop. Dis

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“…Over the past 30 years, PCR methods have been developed to amplify various gene targets in M. leprae. PCR techniques have been used to detect possible environmental sources for the dissemination of M. leprae as well as the aerosol route of infection by means of nasal carriage [74][75][76][77].…”

Section: Pcr Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leprosy: A Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Management

Chen

Lin

et al. 2022

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Leprosy is a neglected infectious disease caused by acid-fast bacillus Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin and then progresses to a secondary stage, causing peripheral neuropathy with potential long-term disability along with stigma. Leprosy patients account for a significant proportion of the global disease burden. Previous efforts to improve diagnostic and therapeutic techniques have focused on leprosy in adults, whereas childhood leprosy has been relatively neglected. This review aims to update the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for adult and childhood leprosy. This review summarizes the clinical, bacteriological, and immunological approaches used in the diagnosis of leprosy. As strategies for the diagnosis and management of leprosy continue to develop better and more advanced knowledge, control and prevention of leprosy are crucial.

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“…Armadillo species and red squirrels were found to be wildlife reservoirs of M. leprae [ 31 ▪▪ , 33 ]. Viable M. leprae has also been detected from environmental sources (water and soil) in Indonesia, India, Brazil and Bangladesh [ 34 ]. Recent studies have shown a potential role of vectors like kissing bugs and free-living amoebas [ 28 ▪▪ ].…”

Section: Mycobacterial Skin Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterial skin infection

Giannotti

Gregori

Matteelli

et al. 2022

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

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Purpose of review The aim of this article is to review the most recent evidences concerning mycobacterial skin infections, limiting the period of literature research to 2020--2021. Recent findings Mycobacterial skin infections include a heterogeneous group of cutaneous diseases. Cutaneous tuberculosis is usually the result of hematogenous dissemination or spread from underlying foci and it must be distinguished from tuberculids, resulting from the immunological reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. Leprosy prevalence was drastically reduced after introduction of multidrug therapy in the 1980 s, but cases are still reported due to underdiagnosis, and animal and environmental reservoirs. Recent advances concentrate in the diagnostic field. Specific guidelines for the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacteria skin infections are missing and surgical procedures may be required. Prognosis is better as compared to nontuberculous mycobacteria lung disease. Rapid laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of Buruli ulcer may be achieved by the IS2404 PCR. Among new drugs, telacebec is promising in terms of potency, shorter duration and tolerability in animal studies. A clinical trial in humans is planned. Summary Mycobacterial cutaneous lesions are nonpathognomonic and clinical suspicion must be confirmed by culture or molecular detection. Long-course multidrug treatment is required based on susceptibility tests. Surgical intervention may also be required. Rehabilitation and psychosocial support reduce long-term physical and mental consequences mostly in Buruli ulcer and leprosy.

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Real-time PCR-based quantitation of viable Mycobacterium leprae strain from clinical samples and environmental sources and its genotype in multi-case leprosy families of India

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Existence of viable Mycobacterium leprae in natural environment and its genetic profiling in a leprosy endemic region

Existence of viable Mycobacterium leprae in natural environment and its genetic profiling in a leprosy endemic region

Leprosy: A Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Management

Mycobacterial skin infection

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