Time-of-Flight (ToF) technologies are developed mainly for range estimations in industrial applications or consumer products. Recently, it was realized that ToF sensors could also be used for the detection of fluorescence and of the minute changes in the nanosecond-lived electronic states of fluorescent molecules. This capability can be exploited to report on the biochemical processes occurring within living organisms. ToF technologies, therefore, provide new opportunities in molecular and cell biology, diagnostics, and drug discovery. In this short communication, the convergence of the engineering and biomedical communities onto ToF technologies and its potential impact on basic, applied and translational sciences are discussed.Keywords: Time-of-Flight (ToF); fluorescence lifetime; microscopy
Converging CommunitiesIt was the summer of 2005 when in the laboratory of Fred Wouters we started the first autonomous runs of our new in-house developed high throughput fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) system. However successful that development was, one key element in allowing the biomedical community to benefit from FLIM systems, to enable the screening technologies we were pioneering [1] and to get closer to the routine application of FLIM, was still missing: replacing the expensive, comparatively fragile, and not very user-friendly, multi-channel plates used in FLIM with better technologies. The basic idea was to find a silicon-based detector capable of demodulating fluorescence signals on a bi-dimensional array of pixels. Frequent searches of primary literature returned only a few, though interesting, papers including: Nishikata et al. [2] on the development of a dedicated lock-in imager in CCD technology and, Mitchell et al. [3,4] on the adaptation of conventional CCD cameras to achieve demodulation. Unfortunately, ad hoc technologies for lock-in imaging appeared to be operating at OPEN ACCESS