Real-time visual feedback can be used to activate scapular upward rotators in people with scapular winging: an experimental study

Abstract

Real-time visual feedback can be used to activate the upper trapezius and serratus anterior muscles and to improve movement of the scapula during shoulder flexion in people with scapular winging.

Effect of Craniocervical Flexion on Muscle Activities of Scapula Upward Rotator Muscle During Push-Up Plus Exercise in Subject With Winging of Scapula

“…The accurate measurement method for the degree of the winging of scapula is to measure the degree of the scapular lift from the chest wall with X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging. In this study, however, the distance between the chest wall and the inferior angle of the scapula was measured with the scapulometer, introduced for such study by Weon et al (2011) as a tool for objectively and quantitatively measuring the winging of scapula. Those for whom this distance was at least 2 ㎝ were chosen as the subjects for this study.…”

“…The selection criteria for the winging of scapula was a distance of 2 ㎝ or less between the chest wall and the inferior angle of the scapula, which was measured with a scapulometer (Weon et al, 2011). Weon et al (2011) measured the test-retest reliability for the winging of scapula with a scapulometer, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was .97 (95% confidence interval: .87-.99), and the standard error of the measurement was .1 ㎝.…”

“…The selection criteria for the winging of scapula was a distance of 2 ㎝ or less between the chest wall and the inferior angle of the scapula, which was measured with a scapulometer (Weon et al, 2011). Weon et al (2011) measured the test-retest reliability for the winging of scapula with a scapulometer, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was .97 (95% confidence interval: .87-.99), and the standard error of the measurement was .1 ㎝. The exclusion criteria for subjects were limitation or instability in the range of motion of the shoulder joint, shoulder or neck pain, thoracic outlet syndrome, frozen shoulder, numbness or tingling in the upper body, a history of shoulder surgery or injury, and at least 5 hours of upper body exercise per week.…”

“…Winging of the scapula is a type of scapular dysfunction that has two general causes. One is the paralysis of the long thoracic nerve, which results in difficulty in flexion the shoulder over 120 degrees, and the other is the weakness of the serratus anterior (SA) (Weon et al, 2011). The SA is an important muscle that stabilizes the winging of scapula, scapular anterior tilting, the inferior angle and the medial border of the scapula (Escamilla et al, 2009;Neumann, 2002).…”

Validity and Reliability of an Instrument to Assess the Posterior Scapular Displacement

“…The measurement of the medial scapular border prominence in clinical practice is potentially difficult and it can lead to misdiagnosis. Therefore, defining a precise method for evaluating posterior scapular displacement is essential to assist in diagnosis of scapular dyskinesis.Current literature has discussed and emphasized the importance of developing instruments to assess quantitatively the scapular dyskinesis [6][7][8]. It is through this need that new techniques and tools have been developed with the aim of analyzing the different scapular movements in a simple and reproducible manner.…”