Realising an application environment for information-centric networking

Wireless Internet Connection for Teaching and learning in Rural Schools of South Africa: The University of Limpopo TV White Space Trial Project

“…Moreover, some learners do not know how to use ICT related softwares and infrastructures effectively for their own learning which makes it difficult for them to realise the benefits associated with ICT for learning purposes (Ahmadi et al, 2011;Lin et al, 2013;Marinagi et al, 2013;Tagger et al, 2013;Yoon et al, 2013). In some cases, there are limited infrastructure and equipments to promote, encourage and support the use of ICT for teaching and learning in most schools especially many of those which are located in townships and rural areas (Makgato, 2012;Han et al, 2013;Rolando et al, 2013).…”

“…Currently, successful teaching and learning is driven by technology and its related softwares, infrastructure and services (Ahmadi et al, 2011;Makgato, 2012;Marinagi, Skourlas & Belsis, 2013;Rolando et al, 2013;Tagger et al, 2013;Yang, 2013;Yoon, Lee, & Lee, 2013). The use of internet, telecommunications, wireless applications, handheld electronics, social network softwares and the web, amongst others, explains how people acquire information, teach and learn (Ahmadi et al, 2011;Yang, 2013;Rolando et al, 2013;Fuentes-Bautista, 2014).…”

“…Seemingly, apart from communicating with parents and friends, learners use social networks as a platform to discuss school work. In addition, ICT can be used to encourage and support real life related problems for learning and teaching both in and outside the classrooms (Makgato, 2012;Han et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2013;Marinagi et al, 2013;Rolando et al, 2013;Tagger et al, 2013;Fuentes-Bautista, 2014). According to Han et al (2013), the uses of ICT in the classrooms capture real life situations better than print-base materials which usually present events in a linear format.…”

“…This e-learning include multimedia learning, technology-enhanced learning, computer-based instruction, computer-based training, computer-assisted instruction, internet-based training and web-based training, amongst others (Ahmadi et al, 2011;Makgato, 2012;Yang, 2013;Yoon et al, 2013). Furthermore, e-learning includes different types of media that are meant to deliver text, audio, images, and videos that enhance teaching and learning (Ahmadi et al, 2011;Rolando et al, 2013;Tagger et al, 2013). Despite the importance associated with teaching and learning using ICT, there are a number of benefits and challenges encountered which are discussed respectively in the proceeding subsections:…”

“…The need to increase the spectrum sharing is a result of the increasing numbers of new entrants in the wireless services markets which include machine-to-machine communications, internet access, amongst others, and the capacity improvements of current operators (Ahmadi et al, 2011;Mwangoka et al, 2013;Tagger, Trossen, Kostopoulos, Porter & Parisis 2013). Thus, the vacant channels which are called white spaces within the television spectrum are used to deliver wireless internet connection through the geo-location databases as a response to the increasing need for technological innovation.…”