Realistic Species Losses Disproportionately Reduce Grassland Resistance to Biological Invaders

Zavaleta, Erika S.; Hulvey, Kristin B.

doi:10.1126/science.1102643

Cited by 324 publications

(377 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Within high-diversity assemblages, there should be fewer free resources available to an invading species than in low-diversity assemblages, which should make high-diversity assemblages more resistant to invasion. Our results, along with previous smallscale experimental work (Levine 2000;Naeem et al 2000;Dukes 2001;Kennedy et al 2002;Fargione et al 2003;Zavaleta and Hulvey 2004), support this prediction. Maron and Marler 2008) describing the relationship between resident native species diversity and the biomass of C. stoebe that established from seed experimentally added to plots differing in native species richness (C).…”

Section: Invasive Versus Native Target Speciessupporting

confidence: 80%

“…In our low-diversity assemblages, competition for light must have been relatively high as well, but it might have allowed the invasive alien species to survive and access soil resources untapped by native species. Previous experimental studies have shown that invasion by alien species can lead to an increase in productivity of lowdiversity assemblages (Zavaleta and Hulvey 2004;Maron and Marler 2008). This may be particularly the case when an alien plant species possesses traits that are uncommon or even absent among resident native species that enable it to exploit soil resources that remain untapped in lowdiversity assemblages (see also the discussion of C. stoebe below).…”

Section: Invasive Versus Native Target Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin Matters: Diversity Affects the Performance of Alien Invasive Species but Not of Native Species

Sun

Maron

Schaffner

2015

The American Naturalist

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Online enhancement: appendix. Dryad data: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.81nk5.abstract: At local scales, it has often been found that invasibility decreases with increasing resident plant diversity. However, whether resident community diversity similarly resists invasion by alien versus native species is seldom studied. We examined this issue by invading constructed native plant assemblages that varied in species and functional richness with invasive alien or native Asteraceae species. Assemblages were also invaded with spotted knapweed, Centaurea stoebe, a native European aster that has been previously used in diversity-invasibility experiments in North America. We also conducted a field survey to explore the generality of the patterns generated from our experimental study. Both experimental and observational work revealed that increasing diversity reduced the performance of alien but not native invaders. Centaurea stoebe invading its native community performed poorly regardless of resident diversity, whereas in a parallel, previously published study conducted in North America, C. stoebe easily invaded low-diversity but not highdiversity assemblages. Our results suggest that diversity is an attribute of resident communities that makes them more or less susceptible to invasion by novel invasive alien but not native plant species.

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Section: Invasive Versus Native Target Speciessupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Invasive Versus Native Target Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin Matters: Diversity Affects the Performance of Alien Invasive Species but Not of Native Species

Sun

Maron

Schaffner

2015

The American Naturalist

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“…Thus, if a Eurasian species is introduced to a new range, it is likely confronted with species it has coevolved with. On the other hand, the biota of North America is less disturbed by humans and richer than that of Europe and could thus offer more resistance to invaders (1,6,(17)(18)(19). We call this alternative to the imperialism dogma the resistance hypothesis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Invasion success of vertebrates in Europe and North America

Jeschke

Strayer

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

337

277

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Species become invasive if they ( i ) are introduced to a new range, ( ii ) establish themselves, and ( iii ) spread. To address the global problems caused by invasive species, several studies investigated steps ii and iii of this invasion process. However, only one previous study looked at step i and examined the proportion of species that have been introduced beyond their native range. We extend this research by investigating all three steps for all freshwater fish, mammals, and birds native to Europe or North America. A higher proportion of European species entered North America than vice versa. However, the introduction rate from Europe to North America peaked in the late 19th century, whereas it is still rising in the other direction. There is no clear difference in invasion success between the two directions, so neither the imperialism dogma (that Eurasian species are exceptionally successful invaders) is supported, nor is the contradictory hypothesis that North America offers more biotic resistance to invaders than Europe because of its less disturbed and richer biota. Our results do not support the tens rule either: that ≈10% of all introduced species establish themselves and that ≈10% of established species spread. We find a success of ≈50% at each step. In comparison, only ≈5% of native vertebrates were introduced in either direction. These figures show that, once a vertebrate is introduced, it has a high potential to become invasive. Thus, it is crucial to minimize the number of species introductions to effectively control invasive vertebrates.

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“…Changes in rainfall patterns and drought regimes can facilitate other types of ecosystem disturbances, including fire and biological invasion (Zavaleta and Hulvey, 2004). [WGII 14.4.2] Landward replacement of grassy freshwater marshes by more salt-tolerant mangroves, e.g., in the south-eastern Florida Everglades since the 1940s, has been attributed to the combined effects of sealevel rise and water management, resulting in lowered water tables (Ross et al, 2000).…”

Section: 625mentioning

confidence: 99%