Realizing High‐Energy and Stable Wire‐Type Batteries with Flexible Lithium–Metal Composite Yarns

Abstract

high-performance batteries as the fundamental constituent of the e-textiles. [9] Existing coin and pouch types of batteries remain the most widely used options nowadays, but their fixed shapes and rigidity largely hinder the seamless integration into different wearable formats, particularly those require high levels of deformation and wearing comfort. [10] Wire-type batteries appear to be promising candidates to address this challenge because the omnidirectional flexibility offered by the wire shape can effectively withstand complicated mechanical deformations, and the resemblance of the shape to slender fibers and yarns of textiles allows for the easy integration into wearable formats via mature textile technologies, such as braiding, weaving, and knitting. [11] To date, only a few studies of wiretype batteries have been reported in the literature, most of which are developed on the basis of lithium-ion battery (LIB) and zinc-ion battery (ZIB) chemistries. Nevertheless, due to the low theoretical capacity and the low mass loading of the anode materials, the energy densities of those wire-type LIBs and ZIBs are low (5-160 Wh L −1 ). [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Recent studies on lithium (Li)-metal anode have suggested that wire-type Li-metal batteries (LMBs) may meet the energy demand because of the remarkable theoretical capacity and the lowest electrochemical potential of Li. [20] However, those reports only made use of bulky and thick Li-metal wires (LMWs) in their study, which adversely resulted in two major disadvantages. Electrochemically, LMWs showed a short cyclic life (3-100 cycles) owing to the formation of Li dendrites, and the largely oversized Li-metal led to the low energy density of the battery (2-70 Wh L −1 ). [21][22][23][24] Mechanically, LMWs could easily undergo plastic deformation because of its low yield strength (<1 MPa), which significantly limited the flexing stability of the wire-type battery. [25,26] It is noted that, in the literature studies of flexible LMBs, the cycling stability and flexibility of Li-metal anodes can be substantially enhanced by depositing the Li-metal on a flexible host. However, these studies adopted the reactive wetting process for the fabrication of Li-metal composites, which required the use of Li-reactive materials. [27][28][29][30][31][32] On the one hand, the molten Li must react with oxides or form new alloys with reactive metals before it can wet the hosts. Such vigorous chemical High-capacity and omnidirectionally flexible wire-type lithium (Li)-metal batteries represent a feasible technology for the realization of electronic textiles. However, the use of commercially available Li-metal wires as anodes nowadays confronts many electrochemical and mechanical issues such as dendrite formation, low yield strength, and poor fatigue resistance. Here, a flexible and stable Li-metal composite yarn (LMCY) is designed via a fast capillary filling of molten Li into metallic carbon yarn for fabricating high-energy-density and long-lasting wire-type Li-metal batte...

Synergizing Conformal Lithiophilic Granule and Dealloyed Porous Skeleton toward Pragmatic Li Metal Anodes

“…In a broader context, the electrochemical cycling stability of D-Cu@CuSe-Li encouragingly outperforms the state-of-the-art 3D Li metal anodes regardless of the DOD value (Figure 3g). [19,[45][46][47][48][49][50] To showcase the potential application of such a host design, the D-Cu@CuSe-Li electrode was further subject to cycling measurements under a stringent working condition of 3 mA cm À2 /3 mAh cm À2 . Impressively, it delivers a fairly low and stable voltage hysteresis of %20 mV for over 300 h (Figure 3h).…”

Foldable batteries: from materials to devices

“…Based on the density of the mesh, the strain distribution between the different deformation states and different structures can be measured. 111,185–187 …”

“…8h. 111 The pristine carbon yarn was a twist of $200 bers, each with a diameter of 10 mm. The C yarn was already exible and provided enough capillarity to liquids that wet its surface, but was lithiophobic as indicated by the large contact angle (120 ) with the molten Li.…”

“…Based on the density of the mesh, the strain distribution between the different deformation states and different structures can be measured. 111,[185][186][187] Song and co-workers reported a novel bidirectional snakeorigami battery with a scalable planar structure, which was…”

Inkjet‐Printed Xerogel Scaffolds Enabled Room‐Temperature Fabrication of High‐Quality Metal Electrodes for Flexible Electronics

“…In the past decade, a low-cost, room-temperature solution process, namely polymer-assisted metal deposition (PAMD), has been developed for producing highly conductive and adhesive metals on a wide variety of flexible substrates. [26][27][28] In this process, a functional polymer layer was first grafted onto the substrates, followed by the immobilization of catalytic species for electroless deposition (ELD) of metals. However, issues for PAMD involve the grafting of polymers via time-consuming in situ polymerization directly on the substrate; the whole process, on the other hand, is not suitable for the growth of metals with required patterns for making electronic devices.…”