Polarization is a degree of freedom of light carrying important information that is usually absent in intensity and spectral content. Imaging polarimetry is the process of determining the polarization state of light, either partially or fully, over an extended scene. It has found several applications in various fields, from remote sensing to biology. Among different devices for imaging polarimetry, division of focal plane polarization cameras (DoFP-PCs) are more compact, less complicated, and less expensive. In general, DoFP-PCs are based on an array of polarization filters in the focal plane. Here we demonstrate a new principle and design for DoFP-PCs based on dielectric metasurfaces with the ability to control polarization and phase. Instead of polarization filtering, the method is based on splitting and focusing light in three different polarization bases. Therefore, it enables full-Stokes characterization of the state of polarization, and overcomes the 50% theoretical efficiency limit of the polarization-filter-based DoFP-PCs.Polarimetric imaging is the measurement of the polarization state of light over a scene of interest. While spectral and hyperspectral imaging techniques provide information about the molecular and material composition of a scene [1,2], polarimetric imaging contains information about the shape and texture of reflecting surfaces, the orientation of light emitters, or the optical activity of various materials [3,4]. This additional information has led to many applications for imaging polarimetry ranging from astronomy and remote sensing to marine biology and medicine [3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11].Therefore, several methods have been developed over the past decades to enable mapping of the polarization state over an extended scene [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].Generally, polarimetric imaging techniques can be categorized into three groups: division of amplitude, division of aperture, and division of focal plane [3]. All of these techniques are based on measuring the intensity in different polarization bases and using them to estimate the full Stokes vector or a part of it. Among various systems, DoFP-PCs are less expensive, more compact, and require less complicated optics [16][17][18]. In addition, they require much less effort for registering images of different polarizations as the registration is automatically achieved in the fabrication of the polarization sensitive image sensors. The advances in micro/nano-fabrication have increased the quality of DoFP-PCs and reduced their fabrication costs, making them commercially available.DoFP-PCs either use a birefringent crystal to split polarizations [19,20], or thin-film [17,21] or wire-grid [11,16,22] polarization filters. To enable the measurement of degree of circular polarization, form-birefringent quarter waveplates were integrated with linear polarizers in the mid-IR [23]. Recently, liquid crystal retarders have been integrated with linear polarization filters
