Reappraisal of the antistaphylococcal activities of first-generation (narrow-spectrum) and second-generation (expanded-spectrum) cephalosporins

Sabath, L. D.

doi:10.1128/aac.33.4.407

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This study confirms the observation of previous investigators that there are marked differences in the stability of the various cephalosporins against hydrolysis by the staphylococcal 3-lactamases (9,10,23,29,30). Indeed, the 2,000-fold difference in the REH values of cefazolin and cefuroxime by the type A P-lactamase greatly exceeds the 60-fold difference between the stability of cefazolin and that of penicillin G.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Characterization of four beta-lactamases produced by Staphylococcus aureus

Zygmunt

Stratton

Kernodle

1992

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Characterization of four beta-lactamases produced by Staphylococcus aureus

Zygmunt

Stratton

Kernodle

1992

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…In one prospective double-blind study, cefazolin was significantly less effective than cefamandole in patients undergoing cardiac surgery (10). We showed that in vitro cefamandole is more active against high-level oxacillin-resistant S. aureus and oxacillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains, and according to other investigators (13,14), it is more rapidly bactericidal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…It is difficult to assess the amount of inoculum responsible for infections acquired during surgery (14). The amount is probably very low and is not comparable to the value of the inoculum used in experimental endocarditis (3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inoculum effect on growth-delay time of oxacillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis exposed to cefamandole, cefazolin, and cefuroxime

Yourassowsky

Linden

Crokaert

1990

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Cephalosporins have been recommended as prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. The major function of these antibiotics is to protect patients against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections. The lowest inoculum amount responsible for infection during surgery is unknown but is probably low. To determine the comparative activities of cefazolin, cefuroxime, and cefamandole against S. aureus and S. epidermidis for prophylactic purposes, we selected five strains of S. aureus and S. epidermidis that presented homogeneous resistances to oxacillin. A continuously monitored turbidimetric method was used to evaluate cultures with variable inoculum sizes ranging from 106 to 1 CFU/ml and exposed to cefazolin, cefuroxime, and cefamandole at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 ,ug/ml. Growth was defined as an increase of 0.1 optical density unit. The relationship between the time required for growth, the antibiotic concentration, and the initial bacterial density showed that cefamandole was more active than cefazolin, which, in turn, was revealed to be more active than cefuroxime against S. aureus and S. epidermidis.Although the benefits of antistaphylococcal prophylaxis in patients undergoing cardiac and orthopedic surgery remain uncertain, its use has become standard practice. The value of antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery has never been assessed in a placebo-controlled trial, while information concerning infection rates in patients who do not receive antibiotics is scarce (1).Cephalosporins have been recommended as prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery (9). The major purpose of these antibiotics is to protect patients against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections. These two bacterial species are recognized as being the most important pathogens likely to infect different types of prostheses.Oxacillin-resistant strains of S. aureus and S. epidermidis may occur. Even though cephalosporins are not recommended for the treatment of infections caused by oxacillinresistant strains, it appears that these antibiotics provide effective protection early in infections caused by these bacteria (8,15).It is difficult to assess the amount of inoculum responsible for infections acquired during surgery (14). The amount is probably very low and is not comparable to the value of the inoculum used in experimental endocarditis (3).The strains included in the present study were isolated from patients with multiple positive blood cultures. They were recovered over a 3-year period, and these strains possibly may have differed in their phenotypic features.We submitted these oxacillin-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains to turbidimetric monitoring using inoculum sizes of 106 CFU/ml that were subsequently diluted 10-fold. The relative inoculum sizes (RISs) of oxacillinresistant S. aureus and oxacillin-resistant S. epidermidis were exposed to different concentrations of cefamandole, cef...

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“…Cefazolin (iv), Cefuroxim (Zinat [2,24] Die Cephalosporine werden in fünf Gruppen klassifiziert je nach Aktivitätsspektrum gegen gramnegative und gram-positive Bakterien. …”

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Antibiotikatherapie: Wirkung und Resistenz

Weiler

Corti

2014

Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed

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Background: Many achievements in modern medicine, such as in transplantation medicine, cancer therapy, surgery, and intensive care medicine would have been impossible without effective treatment of bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance is on the rise; the reasons for this are complex and vary greatly. Objective: Knowledge about the impact of antibiotics and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, which are the cornerstones of calculated and targeted antibiotic therapy, is imperative. Results: This review describes the pharmacodynamics of relevant antibiotics in emergency and intensive care medicine. Commonly resistant bacteria with clinical relevance and the respective mechanisms of resistance are highlighted. Furthermore, the use of antiinfectives for reserve treatment of severe infections is discussed. Conclusion: Understanding the mechanisms of resistance and effects of antibiotics are fundamental for efficient and successful treatment of bacterial infections and for the reduction of resistant species. AbstractBackground. Many achievements in modern medicine, such as in transplantation medicine, cancer therapy, surgery and intensive care medicine would have been impossible without effective treatment of bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance is on the rise and causes are complex and various.

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Reappraisal of the antistaphylococcal activities of first-generation (narrow-spectrum) and second-generation (expanded-spectrum) cephalosporins

Cited by 31 publications

References 24 publications

Characterization of four beta-lactamases produced by Staphylococcus aureus

Characterization of four beta-lactamases produced by Staphylococcus aureus

Inoculum effect on growth-delay time of oxacillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis exposed to cefamandole, cefazolin, and cefuroxime

Antibiotikatherapie: Wirkung und Resistenz

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