Reappraisal of the lower actinopterygian Birgeria stensioei Aldinger, 1931 (Osteichthyes; Birgeriidae) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) and Besano (Italy)

Romano, Carlo; Brinkmann, Winand

doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0252-0017

Cited by 31 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…3). Most of the lateral surface is weathered, meaning that the margins between the dentary, angular, and surangular represent the medial ones (the dentary usually covers a large area of the angular laterally; e.g., Romano and Brinkmann, 2009). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rostral to the operculum is another small, plate-like bone, interpreted as the antoperculum. Caudally, the operculum reaches to the knee of the preoperculum, where it is still articulated with the suboperculum (sensu Romano and Brinkmann, 2009). The vertically arranged suboperculum is elongate and slender, being morphologically indistinguishable from the posteriorly adjoining branchiostegal rays.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

Romano¹,

Jenks²,

Jattiot³

et al. 2017

J. Paleontol.

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Abstract.-The Early Triassic vertebrate record from low paleolatitudes is spotty, which led to the notion of an 'equatorial vertebrate eclipse' during the Smithian. Here we present articulated ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), collected from the marine Lower Triassic Thaynes Group at three new localities in Elko County (Nevada, USA), which were deposited within the equatorial zone. From the Smithian of the Winecup Ranch, we describe two partial skulls of the predatory actinopterygian Birgeria (Birgeriidae), attributed to B. americana new species and Birgeria sp. Birgeria americana n. sp. is distinguished from other species by a less reduced operculogular series. With an estimated total length of 1.72-1.85 m, it is among the largest birgeriids. We confirm that Birgeria encompasses species with either two or three rows of teeth on the maxilla and dentary, and suggest that species with three well-developed rows are restricted to the Early Triassic. From the latest Smithian of Palomino Ridge, we present a three-dimensional, partial skull of the longirostrine predator Saurichthys (Saurichthyidae). This and other occurrences indicate that saurichthyids were common in the western USA basin. From the early late Spathian of Crittenden Springs, we describe a posterior body portion (Actinopterygii indet.). This find is important given the paucity of Spathian osteichthyan sites. We provide a summary of Early Triassic vertebrate occurrences in the United States, concluding that vertebrate fossils remain largely unstudied. The presence of predatory vertebrates in subequatorial latitudes during the Smithian confirms that Early Triassic trophic chains were not shortened and contradicts the 'equatorial vertebrate eclipse'.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

Romano¹,

Jenks²,

Jattiot³

et al. 2017

J. Paleontol.

Self Cite

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“…4.8, which were not redescribed and included in a recent revision of the Monte San Giorgio Birgeria specimens [88], or Colobodus frequens [32,89,90] Fig. 4.7).…”

Section: Vertebrate Biodiversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Middle Triassic marine reptile biodiversity in the Germanic Basin, in the centre of the Pangaean world

Diedrich

2012

Open Geosciences

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AbstractThe Middle Triassic fossil reptile localities near Bayreuth (Bavaria, southern Germany) consist of shallow marine autochthonous glauconitic marls and terebratulid-rich tempestite carbonates of the newly defined Bindlach and Hegnabrunn formations. Single bones and incomplete skeletons of marine reptiles have been recorded in bone beds within in the Illyrian and Fassanian stages. These include the remains of the sauropterygians Neusticosaurus sp., Lariosaurus cf. buzzii [1], Nothosaurus mirabilis [2], Paranothosaurus giganteus [2], Placodus gigas [3], Cyamodus rostratus [4], Cyamodus münsteri [5], Pistosaurus longaevus [6], and ichthyosaursOmphalosaurus sp., and Shastasaurus sp. or proterosaur Tanystrophaeus conspicuus [7]. New skeletal reconstructions are based on the osteological analysis of three dimensionally preserved bones and skeletal remains. The large number of marine endemic placodont macroalgae feeders (P. gigas) in the Bayreuth sites coincides with the presence of invertebrate palaeocommunities that are characteristic of macroalgae meadow paleoenvironments. Most of the reptile species and genera from the Bayreuth localities also occur in beds of similar ages from the Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland/Italy) or Perledo (Italy) lagoonal areas. Ichthyosaurs and pistosaurs were adapted for open marine conditions, and may have migrated from the Panthalassa Oceans into the shallow marine Germanic Basin to reproduce, whereas placodonts and many other sauropterygians seem to have lived permanently in those shallow marine habitats, with large squamates and thecodont or smaller archosaurs in coastal areas.

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“…(Figure 3). The sh and shark species are well known and described from several sites all over Europe [3,7,9,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Palaeontology the Vertebrate Biodiversity Of Lamerdenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The vertebrates from the Lower Ladinian (Middle Triassic)bonebed of Lamerden (Germany) as palaeoenvironmentindicators in the Germanic Basin

Diedrich¹

2015

Open Geosciences

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A marine/limnic vertebrate fauna is described from the enodis/posseckeri Bonebed mixed in a bivalve shell-rich bioclastic carbonate rudstone at the eastern coastal margin of the Rhenish Massif mainland at Lamerden (Germany) within the western Germanic Basin (Central Europe). The condensation layer is of Fassanian (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) in age. The vertebrate biodiversity includes ve di erent shark, and several actinopterygian sh species represented by teeth and scales. Abundant isolated bones from a small-and a large-sized pachypleurosaur Neusticosaurus species, which can be composed as incomplete skeletons, originate from dense populations of di erent individual age stages. Important facies indicator reptiles are from the thalattosaur Blezingeria ichthyospondyla which postcranial skeleton is reconstructed hypothetically using additional postcranial bones from similar aged various German localities. The vertebrate biodiversity of the enodis/posseckeri bonebed of Lamerden re ect a limnic/ uvial freshwater in uenced fauna (amphibians/terrestrial and marine reptiles) with dominance of normal saline marine in uences. Macroalgae meadow adapted placodont reptiles are absent in Lamerden, as well as open marine-adapted ichthyosaurs, supporting a lagoon with fresh water in uence position at the Rhenish Massif mainland coast. In those contemporanous brackish lagoons, which seem to be isochronous to northern Tethys lagoons of the Kalschieferzone at the Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland/Italy), small pachypleurosaurs were abundant prey in both regions for reptile predators, especially large paraxial swimming alligator habitus-like Paranothosaurus, which even contain stomach contents of pachypleurosaurs.

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Reappraisal of the lower actinopterygian Birgeria stensioei Aldinger, 1931 (Osteichthyes; Birgeriidae) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) and Besano (Italy)

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

The Middle Triassic marine reptile biodiversity in the Germanic Basin, in the centre of the Pangaean world

The vertebrates from the Lower Ladinian (Middle Triassic)bonebed of Lamerden (Germany) as palaeoenvironmentindicators in the Germanic Basin

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