Reappraising host cellular factors involved in attachment and entry to develop antiviral strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Li, Rui; Qiao, Songlin; Zhang, Gaiping

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.975610

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…PRRSV is one of the most important pathogens in the pig industry, which causes huge economic losses worldwide. However, current PRRS vaccines cannot provide effective protection for the disease, and there are even no feasible drugs for the therapy [ 13 , 28 ]. In our study, we found a safe botanical compound called bergamottin, which is derived from citrus fruits and showed an inhibitory effect on PRRSV replication in vitro ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bergamottin Inhibits PRRSV Replication by Blocking Viral Non-Structural Proteins Expression and Viral RNA Synthesis

Zhu

Chen

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. However, current vaccines cannot provide effective protection against PRRSV, and PRRSV-specific treatments for infected herds are still unavailable. In this study, we found that bergamottin showed strong inhibitory effects against PRRSV replication. Bergamottin inhibited PRRSV at the stage of the replication cycle. Mechanically, bergamottin promoted the activation of IRF3 and NF-κB signaling, leading to the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and interferon, which inhibited viral replication to some extent. In addition, bergamottion could reduce the expression of the non-structural proteins (Nsps), leading to the interruption of replication and transcription complex (RTC) formation and viral dsRNA synthesis, ultimately restraining PRRSV replication. Our study identified that bergamottin possesses potential value as an antiviral agent against PRRSV in vitro.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bergamottin Inhibits PRRSV Replication by Blocking Viral Non-Structural Proteins Expression and Viral RNA Synthesis

Zhu

Chen

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…Previous in vitro studies have suggested several host cellular molecules as potential entry mediators and receptors for PRRSV such as CD169, non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), heparan sulphate, vimentin, DC-SIGN (CD209), CD151, and CD163 [13][14][15]. However, research involving genetically modified pigs demonstrated that CD163 is the only essential and sufficient receptor for PRRSV infection [13][14][15]. The exact function of CD163 remains uncertain, but it has been suggested that CD163 cooperates with CD169 in facilitating viral internalization [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, research involving genetically modified pigs demonstrated that CD163 is the only essential and sufficient receptor for PRRSV infection [13][14][15]. The exact function of CD163 remains uncertain, but it has been suggested that CD163 cooperates with CD169 in facilitating viral internalization [13][14][15]. A role of CD163 in mediating viral membrane fusion with the target cells and viral uncoating has also been proposed [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of N-linked glycosylation in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection

Rowland,

Brandariz-Nuñez

2024

Journal of General Virology

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus and one of the main pathogens that causes the most significant economical losses in the swine-producing countries. PRRSV is currently divided into two distinct species, PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. The PRRSV virion envelope is composed of four glycosylated membrane proteins and three non-glycosylated envelope proteins. Previous work has suggested that PRRSV-linked glycans are critical structural components for virus assembly. In addition, it has been proposed that PRRSV glycans are implicated in the interaction with host cells and critical for virus infection. In contrast, recent findings showed that removal of N-glycans from PRRSV does not influence virus infection of permissive cells. Thus, there are not sufficient evidences to indicate compellingly that N-glycans present in the PRRSV envelope play a direct function in viral infection. To gain insights into the role of N-glycosylation in PRRSV infection, we analysed the specific contribution of the envelope protein-linked N-glycans to infection of permissive cells. For this purpose, we used a novel strategy to modify envelope protein-linked N-glycans that consists of production of monoglycosylated PRRSV and viral glycoproteins with different glycan states. Our results showed that removal or alteration of N-glycans from PRRSV affected virus infection. Specifically, we found that complex N-glycans are required for an efficient infection in cell cultures. Furthermore, we found that presence of high mannose type glycans on PRRSV surface is the minimal requirement for a productive viral infection. Our findings also show that PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 have different requirements of N-glycan structure for an optimal infection. In addition, we demonstrated that removal of N-glycans from PRRSV does not affect viral attachment, suggesting that these carbohydrates played a major role in regulating viral entry. In agreement with these findings, by performing immunoprecipitation assays and colocalization experiments, we found that N-glycans present in the viral envelope glycoproteins are not required to bind to the essential viral receptor CD163. Finally, we found that the presence of N-glycans in CD163 is not required for PRRSV infection.

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“…This disease affects pigs of all ages and is characterized by reproductive failures in sows during late-term gestation, including high rates of abortions, mummified fetuses, and post-weaning mortality due to the birth of weak piglets, with perinatal mortality reaching up to 70%. Additionally, it causes respiratory disease in both piglets and adult swine [ 3 , 5 , 6 ]. PRRSV has shown a high capacity for infection and transmission through the oronasal and reproductive routes [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Peptides Elicit Humoral Response against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Swine

Perez-Duran,

Calderon-Rico,

Franco-Correa

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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The aim of this study was to analyze the immunogenic response elicited in swine by two synthetic peptides derived from GP5 to understand the role of lineal B epitopes in the humoral and B-cell-mediated response against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). For inoculation, twenty-one-day-old pigs were allocated into six groups: control, vehicle, vaccinated (Ingelvac-PRRSV, MLV®), non-vaccinated and naturally infected, GP5-B and GP5-B3. At 2 days post-immunization (dpi), the GP5-B3 peptide increased the serum concentrations of cytokines associated with activate adaptive cellular immunity, IL-1β (1.15 ± 1.15 to 10.17 ± 0.94 pg/mL) and IL-12 (323.8 ± 23.3 to 778.5 ± 58.11 pg/mL), compared to the control group. The concentration of IgGs anti-GP5-B increased in both cases at 21 and 42 dpi compared to that at 0 days (128.3 ± 8.34 ng/mL to 231.9 ± 17.82 and 331 ± 14.86 ng/mL), while IgGs anti-GP5-B3 increased at 21 dpi (105.1 ± 19.06 to 178 ± 15.09 ng/mL) and remained at the same level until 42 dpi. Also, antibody-forming/Plasma B cells (CD2+/CD21−) increased in both cases (9.85 ± 0.7% to 13.67 ± 0.44 for GP5-B and 15.72 ± 1.27% for GP5-B3). Furthermore, primed B cells (CD2−/CD21+) from immunized pigs showed an increase in both cases (9.62 ± 1.5% to 24.51 ± 1.3 for GP5-B and 34 ± 2.39% for GP5-B3) at 42 dpi. Conversely the naïve B cells from immunized pigs decreased compared with the control group (8.84 ± 0.63% to 6.25 ± 0.66 for GP5-B and 5.78 ± 0.48% for GP5-B3). Importantly, both GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides exhibited immunoreactivity against serum antibodies from the vaccinated group, as well as the non-vaccinated and naturally infected group. In conclusion, GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides elicited immunogenicity mediated by antigen-specific IgGs and B cell activation.

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Reappraising host cellular factors involved in attachment and entry to develop antiviral strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Cited by 3 publications

References 155 publications

Bergamottin Inhibits PRRSV Replication by Blocking Viral Non-Structural Proteins Expression and Viral RNA Synthesis

Bergamottin Inhibits PRRSV Replication by Blocking Viral Non-Structural Proteins Expression and Viral RNA Synthesis

Role of N-linked glycosylation in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection

Synthetic Peptides Elicit Humoral Response against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Swine

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