Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of &lt;em&gt;Eristalis tenax&lt;/em&gt; Hoverflies for Research Studies

Nicholas, Sarah; Thyselius, Malin; Holden, M; Nordström, Karin

doi:10.3791/57711-v

Cited by 9 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A lifespan of drone fly lasts about 3 months (Nicholas et al, 2018), with the entire development from pupariation to adult emergence proceeding in 192 ± 3 hr (Campoy, Pérez‐Bañón, & Rojo, 2020). It was shown that at the 30th to 36th hr of the pupal stage (=pharate adult phase), the head, thorax, and abdomen were already differentiated; at the 7th day, the whole body was sclerotized, fully pigmented, and genital structures were well defined, while the imago was fully formed, and wings were still folded at the 8th day (Campoy, Pérez‐Bañón, & Rojo, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adults of E. tenax are active from early spring to late autumn producing two or three generations each year (Gilbert, 1986). Because drone flies have a lifespan of about 3 months, with time from egg to adult 24–36 days (Nicholas et al, 2018), we assume that our samples of larvae collected in 2011 belong to the same generation (Table 1). Although two subsamples used for additional analyses (please see below) were collected in their larval stage in 2013 (Kikinda and Čačak, Serbia), we consider that allochronic sampling did not influence on the main objective of our study regarding intrapopulation variation in the pattern and amount of SD within and between pupal and adult ontogenetic stages.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, to bridge this gap, we choose to study drone fly, Eristalis tenax (Diptera, Syrphidae) (Figure 1), the species known for its great importance from ecological, conservation, agricultural, economic, and epidemiological perspective (see Francuski et al, 2011;Francuski, Djurakic, Ludoški, et al, 2014;Jauker et al, 2009Jauker et al, , 2012Pérez-Bañón et al, 2007). Given the multivoltine biology of E. tenax (Nicholas et al, 2018), information regarding temporal pattern of genetic and phenotypic variation is of fundamental importance for understanding the capacity of the species to undergo adaptive evolution as well. So far, a significant wing shape variation and abdominal color patterns among temporal samples collected throughout the flight season of drone fly from Fruška Gora Mt was observed (Francuski et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual size and shape dimorphism, and allometric scaling in the pupal and adult traits of Eristalis tenax

Ludoški

Francuski

Gojković

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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The patterns and amount of variation in size, shape, and/or life history traits between females and males are fundamentally important to gain the comprehensive understanding of the evolution of phenotypic diversity. In addition, the covariation of phenotypic traits can significantly contribute to morphological diversification and sexual dimorphism (SD). Using linear and geometric morphometrics, 237 Eristalis tenax specimens sampled from five populations were, therefore, comparatively assessed for the variation in sexual size dimorphism (SSD), sexual shape dimorphism (SShD), and life history traits, as well as for trait covariation (ontogenetic and static allometry). Pupal body, adult wing, and body mass traits were analyzed. Female-biased SSD was observed for pupal length, width, and centroid size, adult wing centroid size, mass, wing loading, and wing area. Conversely, pupal length/width ratio, developmental time, and mass were not found to be sexually dimorphic. Next, wing SShD, but not pupal body SShD was revealed, while allometry was found to be an important "determinant of SD" at the adult stage, with only a minor impact at the pupal stage. By comparing the patterns of covariance (based on allometric slope and intercept) between respective body mass and morphometric traits of pupae and adults, greater variation in allometric slopes was found in adult traits, while static allometries of the two stages significantly differed, as well. Finally, the results indicate that changes in the allometric intercept could be an important source of intraspecific variation and SD in drone fly adults.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Sexual size and shape dimorphism, and allometric scaling in the pupal and adult traits of Eristalis tenax

Ludoški

Francuski

Gojković

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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“…E. tenax can be bred either in the field or in the laboratory and fed yeast, manure or media made of organic matter of animal origin (Heal, 1979a, 1979b; Francuski et al, 2014; Gladis, 1994, 1997; Heal, 1981, 1989; Marcos‐García et al, 2012; Nicholas et al, 2018; Ottenheim & Volmer, 1999). This suggests that they filter‐feed on microbes associated with decomposing organic material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental performance of Eristalis tenax larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae): Influence of growth media and yeast addition during captive rearing

Kamdem

Otomo

2023

J Exp Zool Pt A

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In holometabolous insects, life‐history characteristics can vary in response to diet. The main aim of this contribution was to examine which diet best promotes larval development and survival of the aquatic saprophagous hoverfly Eristalis tenax L. (Diptera: Syrphidae). This study was motivated by a need to optimize techniques for rearing these insects in captivity. We studied how adding yeast to several rearing media based on animal droppings or decaying plant material affected development and survival in captive larvae, and whether these effects could be optimized depending on the amount of yeast and the rearing medium. In addition, premature exit of larvae was examined in two medium volumes to investigate differences in pupation. Larvae in yeast supplemented rabbit growth medium pupated and emerged faster than those in horse and antelope growth media. A high number of adult females emerged when compared to males, and both seemed to have a shorter developmental period in yeast supplemented growth media. Pupal survival was significantly greater in a mixture of droppings and plant organic matter, and a high medium volume of 140 ml (p < 0.05). Between 10% and 17% of larvae prematurely exited the aquatic medium in high (140) and low (70 ml) medium volumes, respectively. These results provide additional information that may be crucial for the successful mass rearing of E. tenax in captivity, and suggest that apart from the addition of yeast, growth medium quality and volume may be limiting factors for the production of large colonies of adults.

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Crop‐pollinating Diptera have diverse diets and habitat needs in both larval and adult stages

Davis

Bickel

Saunders

et al. 2023

Ecological Applications

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Insects are important pollinators of global food crops and wild plants. The adult and larval diet and habitat needs are well known for many bee taxa, but poorly understood for other pollinating taxa. Non-bee pollinators often feed on different substrates in their larval and adult life stages, and this diet and habitat diversity has important implications for their conservation and management. We reviewed the global literature on crop pollinating Diptera (the true flies) to identify both larval and adult fly diet and habitat needs. We then assembled the published larval and adult diets and habitat needs of beneficial fly pollinators found globally into a freely accessible database. Of the 405 fly species known to visit global food crops, we found relevant published evidence regarding larval and adult diet and habitat information for 254 species, which inhabited all eight global biogeographic regions. We found the larvae of these

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Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of <em>Eristalis tenax</em> Hoverflies for Research Studies

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

Sexual size and shape dimorphism, and allometric scaling in the pupal and adult traits of Eristalis tenax

Sexual size and shape dimorphism, and allometric scaling in the pupal and adult traits of Eristalis tenax

Developmental performance of Eristalis tenax larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae): Influence of growth media and yeast addition during captive rearing

Crop‐pollinating Diptera have diverse diets and habitat needs in both larval and adult stages

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