Reassessing the link between firm size and exports

Abstract

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Does foreign direct investments impair the ecological footprint? New evidence from the panel quantile regression

“…PQR with fixed effect has a complication with the inclusion of a substantial amount of fixed effects (α i ) is concerning the incidental parameters problem (Koenker and Bassett 1978;Lancaster 2000;Neyman and Scott 1948). There will be inconsistency when the amount of observations for every crosssectional unit is static, but the number of individuals goes to infinity (Canay 2011;Hernández 2020). Koenker (2004) had resolved a consonant methodology where he disposed of unobserved fixed effects as a parameter to be assessed generally with the covariate effects for several quantiles.…”

Innovation drivers of external competitiveness in the great recession

“…Both the extensive (columns 1–4) and the intensive (columns 5–8) margins of export present significant non-linearities pointing to larger benefits for smaller and less productive companies (for instance, innovations of less productive companies are linked to a 5.3% increase in the probability of export and 17% higher export sales growth, which are reduced to 1.7% and 7.1% in case of innovations undertaken by a productive firm). This evidence is somewhat consistent with the recent analysis of Hernández ( 2020 ). This is a critical finding as it identifies innovative strategies as a potential tool to fill the gap between large/productive companies and the set of less structured firms that are ideal targets for policy measures.…”

Firms and export performance: does size matter?

“…In more recent studies, by making use of propensity score matching and the difference-in-difference method with a Chinese firm-level data set covering 1998–2007, Liu (2017) confirms that larger-scale and older firms have a positive linkage with exporting. Hernández (2016) finds a positive linkage between firm size and exporting in most of the quantiles examined in small- and average-sized Spanish firms. In the case of Japanese manufacturing firms, Ogawa and Tokutsu (2015) demonstrate that firm size does matter in encouraging both firm export decisions and export volume.…”

“…These include total annual sales, total capital or the firm's total output (Rajan et al , 2001). In seek of simplicity, we take labour force as the measure of firm size, an approach widely used in the literature (Bonaccorsi, 1992; Cavusgil, 1984; Hernandez, 2013; Liu, 2017; Pekovic and Rolland, 2016). As argued by Kremer (1993), human capital plays an important role in the production process so that the number of workers is positively correlated with firm capital and output.…”

“…As more than 70 per cent of the total Vietnamese exports are accounted for by multinational companies, which are large compared with local small- and medium-sized firms (World Bank, 2016), it is worthy to investigate the importance of firm size when it comes to exporting performance. While export performance depends on a range of firm characteristics, it is argued that those factors are rooted in firm heterogeneity (Hernandez, 2013). We employ a quantile regression approach to capture these differences among the different levels of firm export performance.…”