Rebound Phenomena: Results of a 10 Years’ (1970-1980)
Literature Review

Lupolover, R; Dazzi, H; J, Ward

doi:10.1159/000468579

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Therefore, the occurrence of rebound is a function of the half-life of the drug effect relative to the rate at which the effects of the compensatory response dissipate. The appearance and severity of rebound phenomena depend greatly upon the speed with which the drug concentration drops following the termination of drug delivery (Lupolover et al, 1982). Given the development of acute tolerance on the pain threshold measure, a hyperalgesic rebound effect might be expected, especially considering the quick elimination of N 2 O.…”

Section: Acute Tolerance and Reboundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrous oxide analgesia in humans: acute and chronic tolerance

Ramsay¹,

Rothen²,

Prall³

et al. 2005

Pain

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Electrical tooth stimulation was used to investigate whether humans develop tolerance to nitrous oxide (N 2 O) analgesia within a single administration as well as over repeated administrations. In a double-blind cross-over experiment, 77 subjects received a 40-minute administration of 38% N 2 O at one session and placebo gas at the other. The sessions were separated by 1 week and the order of gas administration was counterbalanced. Acute analgesic tolerance developed for pain threshold but not for detection threshold. There was no evidence of a hyperalgesic rebound effect following cessation of the N 2 O administration. In a second double-blind experiment, 64 subjects received both 30-min of placebo gas and 30-min of 35% N 2 O, separated by a 35-min gas wash-out period, during each of 5 sessions. Sensory thresholds were assessed prior to drug or placebo administration (baseline) and between 7-12 min and 25-30 min of gas administration. A control group of 16 subjects received only placebo gas at these 5 sessions. During a sixth session, the experimental procedures were similar to the previous sessions except that the control group received N 2 O for the first time and the experimental group was sub-divided to test for conditioned drug effects. For both detection and pain threshold measures, acute tolerance developed during the initial N 2 O exposure and chronic tolerance developed over repeated administrations. Although chronic tolerance developed, a test for Pavlovian drug conditioning found no evidence of conditioned effects on sensory thresholds. In conclusion, acute and chronic tolerance develop to N 2 O's analgesic effects in humans.

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Section: Acute Tolerance and Reboundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrous oxide analgesia in humans: acute and chronic tolerance

Ramsay¹,

Rothen²,

Prall³

et al. 2005

Pain

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“…Studies investigating drug rebound states have observed that the rebound which occurs following drug administration is typically opposite that o f the primary effect of the drug (Lupolover et al 1982). Since the PTZ discriminative stimulus is believed to be anxiogenic and the rebound following DZP adnfinistration generalizes to this cue, it is probable that the discriminative stimulus assodated with the primary effect of DZP is anxiolytic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time dependent pentylenetetrazol-like cues subsequent to diazepam administration

Barrett

Smith

1988

Psychopharmacology

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Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate which of two levers to press for milk reinforcement on a VI-20 schedule of reinforcement on the basis of whether they were injected subcutaneously with 0.75 mg/kg diazepam or 10.0 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol. Following discrimination acquisition, a dose-response function was generated for each drug during 5-min extinction periods. Subjects were then assigned to one of seven groups on the basis of their per cent responding during saline testing. Each group was injected with 5 mg/kg diazepam and then given a 5-min extinction test at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 h subsequent to injection. The results indicated that at the shorter time intervals the animals responded on the diazepam lever. However, as the time interval between injection and testing lengthened, responding on the PTZ bar gradually increased until by 12 h following injection with diazepam the animals were responding as though they had received an injection of 5 mg/kg PTZ. Following this period of rebound, choice behavior returned to baseline by 24 h post-injection.

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“…Rebound phenomena are not new in medicine, since they are produced by many nonpsychotropic medications such as clonidine, methyldopa, minoxidil, beta-blockers, vasopressors, diuretics and corticosteroids, to mention only a few (25). With prolonged drug usage, however, rebound phenomena may develop into more serious benzodiazepine withdrawal phenomena (10).…”

Section: Benzodiazepine Side-effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The clinical use of hypnotics: indications for use and the need for a variety of hypnotics

Rickels

1986

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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Insomnia may be categorized as difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakening, early awakenings or a combination of each. The ideal hypnotic must promote rapid sleep onset and maintain sleep throughout the night while allowing the patient to awake refreshed the following day. Several benzodiazepines, with differing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles are presently available. All are clinically effective and not only elimination half-life but also dosage prescribed and pattern of distribution are important factors for determining treatment response. Hypnotics have been divided into those with long elimination half-lives (e.g. nitrazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam), those with intermediately long half-lives (brotizolam, loprazolam, lormetazepam, temazepam) and those with short half-lives (midazolam and triazolam). Carry-over effects into the morning such as excessive daytime sleepiness or drowsiness are related to drug half-life, dosage and pattern of distribution. In equipotent dosages most controlled clinical trials have found no significant differences between the various benzodiazepine hypnotics. Nevertheless, clinicians in general tend to use long half-life benzodiazepines in patients who have difficulties maintaining sleep and short half-life benzodiazepines for treating sleep onset insomnia. Intermediately long half-life benzodiazepines are used for both indications and most clinicians feel that the choice of hypnotic should not only be influenced by elimination half-life or the dosage used, but by individual patient preference. Hypnotics should be used for only short periods of time and in those patients for whom a more chronic use is indicated, they should be used only on an intermittent basis.

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Rebound Phenomena: Results of a 10 Years’ (1970-1980) Literature Review

Cited by 24 publications

References 61 publications

Nitrous oxide analgesia in humans: acute and chronic tolerance

Nitrous oxide analgesia in humans: acute and chronic tolerance

Time dependent pentylenetetrazol-like cues subsequent to diazepam administration

The clinical use of hypnotics: indications for use and the need for a variety of hypnotics

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