Recall for confirming events: Memory processes and the maintenance of social stereotypes

Rothbart, Myron; Evans, Mark; Fulero, Solomon M.

doi:10.1016/0022-1031(79)90043-x

Cited by 308 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The cognitive indictment runs through the professional literature: The prejudiced are too quick to jump to conclusions about target groups, too slow to acknowledge disconfirming evidence and to update beliefs in response to such information, and prone to see relationships between variables and group membership that are weakly or not at all connected (Allport & Postman, 1947;Henderson-King & Nisbett, 1996;Huici, Ros, Carmona, Cano, & Morales, 1996;Maass, Montalcini, & Biciotti, 1998;Rothbart, Evans, & Fulero, 1979;Rothbart & John, 1985;Ybarra, Schaberg, & Keiper, 1999;Ybarra, Stephan, & Schaberg, 2000). The moral indictment is no less explicit.…”

Section: Is It Possible To Pass Classic Correspondence and Coherence mentioning

confidence: 99%

TARGET ARTICLE: Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or "Would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the Implicit Association Test?"

Arkes¹,

Tetlock

2004

Psychological Inquiry

356

237

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Measures of implicit prejudice are based on associations between race-related stimuli and valenced words. Reaction time (RT) data have been characterized as showing implicit prejudice when White names or faces are associated with positive concepts and African-American names or faces with negative concepts, compared to the reverse pairings. We offer three objections to the inferential leap from the comparative RT of different associations to the attribution of implicit prejudice: (a) The data may reflect shared cultural stereotypes rather than personal animus, (b) the affective negativity attributed to participants may be due to cognitions and emotions that are not neces sarily prejudiced, and (c) the patterns of judgment deemed to be indicative of prejudice pass tests deemed to be diagnostic of rational behavior.

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Section: Is It Possible To Pass Classic Correspondence and Coherence mentioning

confidence: 99%

TARGET ARTICLE: Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or "Would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the Implicit Association Test?"

Arkes¹,

Tetlock

2004

Psychological Inquiry

356

237

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“…This search strategy does not preclude the falsification of a hypothesis, as instances are often discovered that do not hold true in the expected conditions (Fischhoff & BeythMarom, 1983;Klayman & Ha, 1987;Mynatt, Doherty, & Tweney, 1977). In fact, numerous studies indicate that information that is inconsistent with an expectation or hypothesis often is more heavily attended to and better remembered than consistent or irrelevant information (see, e.g., Hastie & Kumar, 1979;Rothbart, Evans, & Fulero, 1979;Srull, 1981; for a review, see Stangor & McMillan, 1992). However, this selective search leads to error when a hypothesis is insufficiently general or overly specific (Klayman & Ha, 1987), because disconfirming instances that fall outside of the assumed category or rule are not examined.…”

Section: When Does Selective Hypothesis Testing Lead To Error?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective hypothesis testing

Sanbonmatsu

Posavac

Kardes

et al. 1998

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

134

121

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A diverse set of biases that have been found to characterize judgment may be similarly mediated by a process ofselective hypothesis testing. Our paper begins with a definition ofselective hypothesis testing and an explanation of how and when this process leads to error. We then review a diverse and often disconnected set of fmdings in the person perception, judgment, cognition, attitudes, attribution, and rule discovery literatures that can be explained by this process, Finally, we examine the question of why the selective testing of hypotheses occurs. Although the psychological literature suggests that selective hypothesis testing contributes to a variety of errors, in many contexts it may be a useful and efficient strategy that leads to satisfactory judgment.

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“…When a person applies a stereotype to a particular individual they attend to and remember features of the individual that fit the stereotype better than features that do not fit the stereotype (Rothbart, Evans, and Fulero 1979;Cohen 1981;Srull, Lichtenstein, and Rothbart 1985). For example, Cohen (1981) undertook a study in which participants were shown a clip in which a woman and a man were having a discussion.…”

Section: Distortion Of Memoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolving the epistemic/ethical dilemma over implicit bias

Puddifoot

2017

Philosophical Explorations

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Recall for confirming events: Memory processes and the maintenance of social stereotypes

Cited by 308 publications

References 9 publications

TARGET ARTICLE: Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or "Would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the Implicit Association Test?"

TARGET ARTICLE: Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or "Would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the Implicit Association Test?"

Selective hypothesis testing

Dissolving the epistemic/ethical dilemma over implicit bias

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