Recall termination in free recall

Miller, Jonathan; Weidemann, Christoph T.; Kahana, Michael J.

doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0178-9

Cited by 49 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The universality of the above analytical expression for R seems to contradict our everyday observations that people differ in terms of their memory effectiveness depending, e.g., on their age and experience. Moreover, it is at odds with previous experimental studies showing that performance in a free recall task strongly depends on the experimental protocol, for example presentation rate during the acquisition stage (see, e.g., [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]) and the extent of practice [28,29]. Since most of the published studies only considered a limited range of list lengths, we performed free recall experiments on the Amazon Mechanical Turk® platform for list lengths of 8,16,32,64,128,256, and 512 words, and two presentation rates: 1 and 1.5 seconds per word.…”

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confidence: 63%

Fundamental Law of Memory Recall

et al. 2020

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Human memory appears to be fragile and unpredictable. Free recall of random lists of words is a standard paradigm used to probe episodic memory. We proposed an associative search process that can be reduced to a deterministic walk on random graphs defined by the structure of memory representations. The corresponding graph model can be solved analytically, resulting in a novel parameter-free prediction for the average number of memory items recalled (R) out of M items in memory: R ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi 3πM=2 p. This prediction was verified with a specially designed experimental protocol combining large-scale crowd-sourced free recall and recognition experiments with randomly assembled lists of words or common facts. Our results show that human memory can be described by universal laws derived from first principles.

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confidence: 63%

Fundamental Law of Memory Recall

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“…The data reported here come from participants who took part in Experiment 1. The methods are briefly summarized below, and complete description of the methods can be found in (Lohnas & Kahana, in press; J. F. Miller et al, 2012).…”

Section: Scalp Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subsequent memory effect in intracranial and scalp EEG

2014

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Successful memory encoding is marked by increases in 30-100 Hz gamma-band activity in a broad network of brain regions. Activity in the 3-8 Hz theta band has also been shown to modulate memory encoding, but this effect has been found to vary in direction across studies. Because of the diversity in memory tasks, and in recording and data-analytic methods, our knowledge of the theta frequency modulations remains limited. The difference in the directionality of these theta effects could arise from a distinction between global cortical and deeper subcortical effects. To address this issue, we examined the spectral correlates of successful memory encoding using intracranial EEG recordings in neurosurgical patients and scalp EEG recordings in healthy controls. We found significant theta (3-8 Hz) power modulations (both increases and decreases) and high gamma (44 - 100 Hz) power increases in both samples of participants. These results suggest that (1) there are two separate theta mechanisms supporting memory success, a broad theta decrease present across both the cortex and hippocampus as well as a theta power increase in the frontal cortex, (2) scalp EEG is capable of resolving high frequency gamma activity, and (3) iEEG theta effects are likely not the result of epileptic pathology.

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“…The Penn Electrophysiology of Encoding and Retrieval Study (PEERS) aims to assemble a large database on the electrophysiological correlates of memory encoding and retrieval Lohnas & Kahana, 2014Miller et al, 2012;Healey & Kahana, 2016). Here, we report data from Experiments 1 and 4.…”

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confidence: 99%

Contiguity in episodic memory

2018

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Recall of one event often evokes memories of other events that occurred nearby in time. In the laboratory, this temporal contiguity effect is observed when subjects study and then recall lists of words: the order in which they recall the words tends to be similar to the original presentation order (for early reviews, see Postman 1971Postman , 1972. Here we provide an overview of what we currently know about the contiguity effect by presenting 34 findings concerning how the effect is influenced by various factors and manipulations. seven sections: basic properties of the contiguity effect in free recall, individual and group differences, manipulations of task parameters, manipulations of stimuli, manipulations of encoding tasks, contiguity in other memory tasks, and contiguity at long time scales. Table 1 lists the 34 findings we will discuss and their original references. We conclude with an evaluation of the ability of six different memory mechanisms to account for the findings: associative chaining, short-term memory, positional coding, chunking, contextual dynamics, and control processes. Basic properties of the contiguity effect in free recallFinding 1: Temporal contiguity in free recall Kahana (1996) quantified the contiguity effect in immediate free recall by computing the probability of successively recalling items as a function of their distance from each other in the study list. After recalling an item studied in position i of the list, one can measure the probability of transitioning to next recall an item studied in position i + lag, conditional on the availability of that item for recall. This measure is called the lag conditional-response probability (lag-CRP). When the list is sufficiently long to allow for transitions at long lags, the lag-CRP decreases monotonically with |lag| ( Fig. 1a plots the lag-CRP to |lag| = 10 for 24-item lists). For shorter lists, long-lag AbstractContiguity is one of the major predictors of recall dynamics in human episodic memory. But there are many competing theories of how the memory system gives rise to contiguity. Here we provide a set of benchmark findings for which any such theory should account. These benchmarks are drawn from a review of the existing literature as well as analyses of both new and archival data. They include 34 distinct findings on how various factors including individual and group differences, task parameters, and type of stimuli influence the magnitude of the contiguity effect. We will see that contiguity is observed in a range of tasks including recognition, paired associates, and autobiographical recall and across a range of time scales including minutes, days, weeks, and years. The broad pattern of data point toward a theory in which contiguity arises from fundamental memory mechanisms that encode and search an approximately time scale invariant representation of temporal distance.

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Recall termination in free recall

Cited by 49 publications

References 33 publications

Fundamental Law of Memory Recall

Fundamental Law of Memory Recall

Subsequent memory effect in intracranial and scalp EEG

Contiguity in episodic memory

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