Physical Media and ChannelsUltimately the design of a digital communication system depends on the properties of the channel. The channel is typically a part of the digital communication system that we cannot change. Some channels are simply a physical medium, such as a wire pair or optical fiber. On the other hand, the radio channel is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is divided by government regulatory bodies into bandlimited radio channels that occupy disjoint frequency bands. In this book we do not consider the design of the transducers, such as antennas, lasers, and photodetectors, and hence we consider them part of the channel. Some channels, notably the telephone channel, are actually composites of multiple transmission subsystems. Such composite channels derive their characteristics from the properties of the underlying subsystems.Section 18.1 discusses composite channels. Sections 18.2 through 18.4 review the characteristics of the most common channels used for digital communication, including the transmission line (wire pair or coaxial cable), optical fiber, and microwave radio (satellite, point-to-point and mobile terrestrial radio). Section 18.5 discusses the composite voiceband telephone channel, which is often used for voiceband data transmission. Finally, Section 18.6discusses magnetic recording of digital data, as used in tape and disk drives, which has characteristics similar in many ways to the other channels discussed.