Recency and frequency in paired-associate learning.

Stimulus alternation and continuous short-term memory in young children

“…The rapid drop in stimulus alternation from 0 to 1 interpolation is consistent with the retention loss reported by Peterson, Saltzman, Hillner, & Land (1962) with adult Ss in a paired-associates task. Interestingly, the children in the present study still demonstrated above-chance alternation after three interpolated trials.…”

STM in retardates as a function of direction and delay of recall

“…DISCUSSION Consistent with results obtained with normal Ss (e.g., Peterson & Peterson, 1959), the analysis of Trial-I errors suggests a significant decrement in the retention of single PAs with delay intervals greater than 2 sec. That direction of recall was a significant variable in the Trial-I analysis tends to support evidence of a primacy effect in the STM of PAs reported by Peterson et al (1962). While forward pairs were more difficult than backward pairs on Trial I, this effect did not manifest itself in the total error analysis.…”

Beyond Time-on-Task: The Relationship Between Spaced Study and Certification in MOOCs

“…The spacing effect, as typically recognized, is the benefit in long-term retention following the spaced presentations of particular items of knowledge. However, it is unclear to what extent certification in a course reflects long-term retention as opposed to short-term retention, for example, since student activity is largely self-scheduled; in fact, massed presentation has sometimes been shown to be more beneficial for short-term retention Peterson, Saltzman, Hillner, & Land, 1962). Our outcome measure, certification, is less precisely defined than long-term retention, but may represent more holistic dimensions of achievement and learning.…”