Recent Achievements on Siderophore Production and Application

Abstract

Iron is the most abundant chemical element on Earth but its most common oxidation state is Fe(III) which presents a very low solubility under physiological conditions. During evolution, micro-organisms have developed sound strategies to acquire iron from both the environment and superior organisms, including direct uptake of iron ions from exogenous iron/heme sources and the synthesis of specialized Fe(III) chelators called siderophores. The present review paper aims at presenting and discussing the latest achievements in siderophore isolation and production, as well as novel applications of these molecules in therapies against iron-related diseases and in vaccines, and their application as antimicrobial agents and biosensors.

Molecular variation of the nonribosomal peptide‐polyketide siderophore yersiniabactin through biosynthetic and metabolic engineering

“…Notwithstanding the virulence danger associated with Y. pestis siderophore biosynthesis, the yersiniabactin compound has strong non‐covalent metal binding capabilities with the potential to be re‐directed towards more societally‐beneficial applications. For example, the iron and copper chelating properties of Ybt offer rust removal, water remediation, and biomedical opportunities (Ahmed and Holmstrom, ; de Carvalho et al, ; Kamal Ahmadi et al, ; Miethke and Marahiel, ). However, this potential would be substantially limited if production were to depend on a priority pathogen like Y. pestis .…”

Total Biosynthesis and Diverse Applications of the Nonribosomal Peptide-Polyketide Siderophore Yersiniabactin

“…Recently, the utilities of siderophores have been highlighted across a wide range of scientific settings (19)(20)(21)(22). The metal binding properties of siderophores offer useful purposes in settings that include rust removal, corrosion resistance, biosensors, bioremediation, and antimicrobial approaches.…”

Mass spectrometry and associated technologies delineate the advantageously biomedical capacity of siderophores in different pathogenic contexts

“…Importantly, siderophores have been observed to have many more activities, such as antibiotic, antimalaria, and anticancer activities (Shanzer et al, 1991;Petrik et al, 2012a;Nakouti et al, 2013). Moreover, siderophores can also be synthesized as optical biosensors employed as part of a sensitive identification system to detect different kinds of voices (de Carvalho et al, 2011;Rich & Myszka, 2011). As the studies become more profound and wide, the applicability of siderophores could be significantly expanded.…”