Recent Advance in Evaluation Methods for Characterizing Mechanical Properties of Bone

Various Methods for Estimation of Biomechanical Properties of Bone to Determine Strength of Bone

“…Existing methods use combination of invasive (mechanical loading) test and non-invasive (FEM). Along with this multilevel mechanical loading test, microstructure methods and FEM reconstruction can be used to estimate bone mechanics (Yu et al,2014) Different mechanical tests such as compression, tensile (Kong et al,2020) bending, and torsional (Lopes et al,2017) can be performed on bone considering it as linear elastic material; these tests are invasive in nature. QCT, DEXA are the clinical noninvasive methods to determine BMD, these techniques are costly.…”

“…The present study is based upon the combination of bone strength diagnosis by combination of invasive as well as noninvasive tests to correct bone problems due to mechanical shear and strain. This study is of clinical importance for mitigating hazards after a risk assessment for falls and fractures due to impaired bone locomotive functions (Kong et al, 2020), (Claes et al,2012) With increase in age the bone strength decreases and the risk for hip fracture increases exponentially. Hospitalization is must for hip fractures and sometimes it requires surgery which is very expensive and cumbersome (Op et al,2011) Hip fractures may sometime lead to disability which further result in increased mortality rate especially in old aged person.…”

“…Regardless of these problems there is no cost effective, fast and noninvasive technique for determination of bone strength. Mechanical characteristic of bone reflect the quality of bone (Kong et al,2020) Mechanical properties of bone can be estimated by invasive and non -invasive techniques.…”

“…FEA divides Region of Interest (RoI) into several sub regions called as finite elements, each of these elements is then solved independently and the result is obtained by combining the results of all individual elements. More correct are the boundary conditions more accurate are the results (Parashar et al,2016) Basic Block diagram of FEM of bone (Kong et al,2020) is shown on (Figure 1) which shows the data profile for Finite element modeling of Bone. It is based on analysis of bone strength which involves the pre-processor analysis, the solution for rectifying the precursor effects as well as the post process stage which highlights the sprain and the mechanical load that can be beared by the bony skeletal system.…”

“…Bone quality analysis using BMD and bone mechanics is an emerging research topic, so to study bone mechanics FEM can be used widely which is an effective tool to model and simulate biomaterials (Kong et al,2020) This paper mainly focuses upon the testing of bone mechanical strength by different models of invasive as well as noninvasive methods, which helps in improving the efficacy of the methodology. Thus the use of invasive models can be done only on surgically removed bones and preserved bone structures whereas the current problems in bone movement due to declining strength can be done with non-invasive methods without any surgical interventions for peeping down into the interior body.…”