Recent Advancement of Wearable Reconfigurable Antenna Technologies: A Review

Musa, Umar; Shah, Shaharil Mohd; Majid, H. A.; Abidin, Zuhairiah Zainal; Yahya, Muhammad Sani; Babani, Suleiman; Yunusa, Zainab

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3222782

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…21 shows the simplified human body tissue model made up of four layers: skin, fat, muscles, and bones. Their details and thickness were obtained from [7]. Table 5 shows the simulated SAR limits for 1 g and 10 g of human tissue at the resonant frequencies under varying input power.…”

Section: Sar Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the figure, there is a slight shift on the S11 when it is placed directly on the arm. This is due to human tissue having a high dielectric constant, which explains the changes in the lower resonant frequency [7]. Moreover, the radiation patterns when the antenna is placed on human body tissue model were also simulated (the antenna is placed directly on the skin and also on different garment's thickness from 2 mm to 10 mm), as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Antenna's Performance Near Human Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antennas for WBAN applications have drawn the attention of researchers since the human body actively uses these antennas. As a result, their performance may be impacted compared to antennas placed in free space due to the lossy and non-homogeneous coupling of the physical body [7]- [9]. Besides that, the effects of the antennas on human tissues must be considered, which can be evaluated based on its Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) limits which must abide by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards [10]- [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

et al. 2023

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The design and analysis of a compact dual-band wearable antenna for WBAN applications is presented. The antenna was prototyped on a semi-flexible Rogers Duroid RO3003™ with compact dimensions of 41 × 44 mm 2 which corresponds to 0.33 λ0 × 0.35 λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength at 2.4 GHz. The antenna is designed in the preliminary stage to resonate at 5.8 GHz. An inverted U-shaped slot is added to the patch to create one more resonant frequency at 2.4 GHz. In order to enhance the antenna's bandwidth and gain, two slots at the patch's bottom edge and a partial ground are added. The measured percentage of impedance bandwidth at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz are 3.75% and 5.17%, respectively. The gain is measured to be 3.74 dBi and 5.13 dBi and the efficiency is 91.4% and 92.3%, respectively at the operating bands. The measured radiation patterns exhibit a bidirectional and directional radiation pattern in the E-plane at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, while omnidirectional radiation patterns are observed in the H-plane. At 2.4 GHz, the SAR limits are simulated to be 0.955 W/kg and 0.571 W/kg for 1 g and 10 g of human tissue, while at 5.8 GHz, the SAR limits are 0.478 W/kg and 0.127 W/kg, respectively. Therefore, the proposed antenna has met the FCC and ICNIRP standards. Bending conditions and on-body measurements of the proposed antenna indicate that the antenna's performance is unaffected. As a result, it is shown that the antenna possessed the ability to be utilized in WBAN applications.INDEX TERMS Dual-band, patch antenna, WBAN applications, SAR, bending condition.

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Section: Sar Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antenna's Performance Near Human Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

et al. 2023

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“…A nonlinear device's linear operating range is defined as the input-output power range that allows the device to function while preserving a linear relationship between its input and output power. The input power level at which the device's output power is lowered by 1-dB from the output power of the ideal device is known as the P 1-dB [37]. The measurement revealed that the P 1-dB could not be found at 2.4 GHz, which implies that the antenna behaves linearly within the range of input power, as shown in Figure 18a.…”

Section: Measurement Of P 1-dbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the nonlinearity of PIN diode on frequency reconfigurable patch antenna

Musa,

Shah,

Majid

et al. 2023

The Journal of Engineering

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In this work, the nonlinearity of PIN diode on frequency reconfigurable patch antenna is investigated. To perform frequency reconfiguration, the proposed design makes use of the switching capabilities of a PIN diode. The antenna has a dimension of 41 × 44 mm2 corresponding to 0.33 λ0 × 0.35 λ0, where λ0 represents the wavelength in free space at 2.4 GHz fabricated on Rogers Duroid RO3003TM material. In the OFF state of the PIN diode, a single resonance (ISM 5.8 GHz) is achieved. However, in the ON state of the PIN diode, a dual‐resonance (ISM 5.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz) is achieved. A directional and bidirectional radiation pattern can be observed in the E‐plane at 5.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz, respectively, and omnidirectional radiation patterns can be viewed in the H‐plane for both 5.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz. The gain is measured to be 4.84 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 5.87 dBi at 5.8 GHz, with total efficiencies of 91.8% and 92.5% at 5.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz, respectively. Two‐tone nonlinear measurements at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz are used to evaluate the PIN diode. Several third‐order intermodulation distortion products (IMD3) frequencies are observed with input powers between 0 and 20 dBm. The IMD3 at 2.4 GHz is −36.18 dBm, while at 5.8 GHz is −47.19 dBm and the third‐order input intercept point (IIP3) of +66.65 dBm is obtained at 2.4 GHz, while +22.69 dBm at 5.8 GHz. Additionally, at 2.4 GHz, the 1‐dB gain compression (P1‐dB) could not be identified, showing that the antenna behaves linearly within the spectrum of input power. Similarly, the P1‐dB is detected at 14.8 dBm input power at 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna works in the linear region up to an input power level of 15 dBm, where the received signal strength of the IMD3 is minimal, according to the measurement of the nonlinearity caused by the PIN diode. The nonlinearity results confirm that the active reconfigurable antenna designed and implemented in this work is suitable for use in the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands for indoor and short‐range communication applications. Furthermore, the assessment of nonlinearity provides a deeper understanding of and helps mitigate the negative effects of nonlinearity on the proposed antenna. This measurement assists in refining biasing, selecting suitable linearization methods, improving the design, and evaluating performance at the system level. Ultimately, it enhances antenna performance and expands frequency reconfigurability by enabling optimization across multiple aspects.

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“…As a result, exible dielectric materials were used to create wearable exible antennas, which were also built employing exible conductive materials for the patch and ground plane. The main requirements for wearable materials are their small size, exibility, robustness, and low power needs while maintaining the wearer's comfort Musa et.al [15]. For the development of exible antennas, textile wearable materials are preferred over other materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a wearable, flexible Microstrip patch antenna for the detection of breast cancer

Fusic¹,

Sugumari²,

Sitharthan

2023

Preprint

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Breast cancer is a medical condition characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells in the breast tissue. Breast cancer can originate from various parts of the breast, and methods such as Breast ultrasound, Diagnostic mammogram, Breast magnetic resonance imaging, and Biopsy are currently used for its diagnosis. However, these methods have certain limitations, and their size can be a hindrance. To overcome this, low-power, flexible antennas can be designed for bio-communication between medical equipment and external instrumentation. Flexible and wearable antennas have advantages such as affordability, ease of fabrication, and high gain. In this article, a microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.45GHz and made of polyamide material is designed using HFSS software. The simulation results show the patch antenna has a gain of 1dB, -14.81dB return loss at 2.45GHz based on |S11|≤ - 10dB. The directive radiation pattern with axial ratio of 63.39dB and VSWR ≤ 3. Furthermore, the hardware development of proposed antenna with polyamide substrate provides the resonance frequency nearing to simulation results as 2.318GHz with return loss of -28.19dB. Based on mathematical analysis, simulation and hardware results, the proposed antenna is a superior option for breast cancer detection.

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Recent Advancement of Wearable Reconfigurable Antenna Technologies: A Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 132 publications

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

Investigation of the nonlinearity of PIN diode on frequency reconfigurable patch antenna

Design of a wearable, flexible Microstrip patch antenna for the detection of breast cancer

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