Abstract:As the most popular technologies of the 21st century, artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT) are the most effective paradigms that have played a vital role in transforming the agricultural industry during the pandemic. The convergence of AI and IoT has sparked a recent wave of interest in artificial intelligence of things (AIoT). An IoT system provides data flow to AI techniques for data integration and interpretation as well as for the performance of automatic image analysis and data pr… Show more
“…Similarly, the development of scouting robots equipped with advanced sensors has enabled precise data collection and navigation control contributing to the automation of farming processes ( Shamshiri et al., 2018a ). Furthermore, the use of AI and ML algorithms in conjunction with IoT technologies has facilitated the implementation of smart agriculture systems leading to improved crop productivity and resource management ( Alreshidi, 2019 ; Adli et al., 2023 ). In the realm of vegetable farming, precision technologies, cloud computing, and IoT have been harnessed to enhance crop productivity and optimize resource utilization ( Kaushik, 2021 ).…”
Section: Technological Innovations In Vegetable Cultivationmentioning
Vegetable cultivation stands as a pivotal element in the agricultural transformation illustrating a complex interplay between technological advancements, evolving environmental perspectives, and the growing global demand for food. This comprehensive review delves into the broad spectrum of developments in modern vegetable cultivation practices. Rooted in historical traditions, our exploration commences with conventional cultivation methods and traces the progression toward contemporary practices emphasizing the critical shifts that have refined techniques and outcomes. A significant focus is placed on the evolution of seed selection and quality assessment methods underlining the growing importance of seed treatments in enhancing both germination and plant growth. Transitioning from seeds to the soil, we investigate the transformative journey from traditional soil-based cultivation to the adoption of soilless cultures and the utilization of sustainable substrates like biochar and coir. The review also examines modern environmental controls highlighting the use of advanced greenhouse technologies and artificial intelligence in optimizing plant growth conditions. We underscore the increasing sophistication in water management strategies from advanced irrigation systems to intelligent moisture sensing. Additionally, this paper discusses the intricate aspects of precision fertilization, integrated pest management, and the expanding influence of plant growth regulators in vegetable cultivation. A special segment is dedicated to technological innovations, such as the integration of drones, robots, and state-of-the-art digital monitoring systems, in the cultivation process. While acknowledging these advancements, the review also realistically addresses the challenges and economic considerations involved in adopting cutting-edge technologies. In summary, this review not only provides a comprehensive guide to the current state of vegetable cultivation but also serves as a forward-looking reference emphasizing the critical role of continuous research and the anticipation of future developments in this field.
“…Similarly, the development of scouting robots equipped with advanced sensors has enabled precise data collection and navigation control contributing to the automation of farming processes ( Shamshiri et al., 2018a ). Furthermore, the use of AI and ML algorithms in conjunction with IoT technologies has facilitated the implementation of smart agriculture systems leading to improved crop productivity and resource management ( Alreshidi, 2019 ; Adli et al., 2023 ). In the realm of vegetable farming, precision technologies, cloud computing, and IoT have been harnessed to enhance crop productivity and optimize resource utilization ( Kaushik, 2021 ).…”
Section: Technological Innovations In Vegetable Cultivationmentioning
Vegetable cultivation stands as a pivotal element in the agricultural transformation illustrating a complex interplay between technological advancements, evolving environmental perspectives, and the growing global demand for food. This comprehensive review delves into the broad spectrum of developments in modern vegetable cultivation practices. Rooted in historical traditions, our exploration commences with conventional cultivation methods and traces the progression toward contemporary practices emphasizing the critical shifts that have refined techniques and outcomes. A significant focus is placed on the evolution of seed selection and quality assessment methods underlining the growing importance of seed treatments in enhancing both germination and plant growth. Transitioning from seeds to the soil, we investigate the transformative journey from traditional soil-based cultivation to the adoption of soilless cultures and the utilization of sustainable substrates like biochar and coir. The review also examines modern environmental controls highlighting the use of advanced greenhouse technologies and artificial intelligence in optimizing plant growth conditions. We underscore the increasing sophistication in water management strategies from advanced irrigation systems to intelligent moisture sensing. Additionally, this paper discusses the intricate aspects of precision fertilization, integrated pest management, and the expanding influence of plant growth regulators in vegetable cultivation. A special segment is dedicated to technological innovations, such as the integration of drones, robots, and state-of-the-art digital monitoring systems, in the cultivation process. While acknowledging these advancements, the review also realistically addresses the challenges and economic considerations involved in adopting cutting-edge technologies. In summary, this review not only provides a comprehensive guide to the current state of vegetable cultivation but also serves as a forward-looking reference emphasizing the critical role of continuous research and the anticipation of future developments in this field.
“…These end nodes include, for instance, smart switches, motion infrared sensors, microwave radar sensors, and magnetic sensors. The versatility of the end nodes makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, including smart homes 20 , building automation 21 , smart agriculture 22 , smart cities 23 , and environmental monitoring 24 . Figure 1 System architecture which comprises: a mobile application, a management platform, a server (cloud-based or local), LoRa gateways, and end nodes.…”
Section: The Design Of System and The Gatewaymentioning
LoRaWAN has become the technology of choice for increasing Internet of Things applications owing to its long range and low power consumption characteristics. However, in the uplink confirmed messaging cases, the entire retransmission could take several seconds, so it cannot be used in scenarios that require rapid confirmed messaging, such as emergency alerting and real-time controlling applications. Nevertheless, there has been limited work targeting this issue. This study presents a novel LoRaWAN gateway using edge computing to expedite the confirmed messaging process by generating the acknowledgment (ACK) locally, so that the confirmed messaging time can be significantly reduced. Additionally, the resource utilization of the network server can also be decreased due to the use of edge computing. We verified the effectiveness of our solution through extensive simulations and experiments. The confirmed messaging time between the end nodes and the gateway averaged 43 ms for a maximum of 2 retransmissions. With the adoption of edge computing on the gateway, the network server’s central processing unit (CPU), memory, and bandwidth peak utilization decrease from 53.51 to 39.46, 73.88 to 72.11%, and 4422.68 kbps to 3271.27 kbps, respectively. In addition, the network server’s system load decreases from 2.15 to 1.69, while the gateway cost is reduced by almost $$\$$$
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38 compared to the benchmark products.
“…The global evolution of the Internet is experiencing a notable and inevitable change towards a convergent scenario known as the Internet of Things (IoT), where a large number of devices with heterogeneous characteristics and requirements have to be interconnected to serve different verticals, such as smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, smart grids, (ITS) or e-health [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. In order to satisfy the strict requirements related to end-to-end latency and the scalability of new services, as well as the processing of the massive volume of data that they generate, it is necessary to design and deploy a decentralized service platform architecture based on MEC (multi-access edge computing) and/or fog computing, with the aim of reducing the distance between the source of data and the processing resources.…”
The global evolution of the Internet is experiencing a notable and inevitable change towards a convergent scenario known as the Internet of Things (IoT), where a large number of devices with heterogeneous characteristics and requirements have to be interconnected to serve different verticals, such as smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, smart grids, (ITS) or e-health [...]
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