Recent advancements in indoor electronic travel aids for the blind or visually impaired: a comprehensive review of technologies and implementations

A comprehensive review of navigation systems for visually impaired individuals

“…Electronic Travel Aids (ETAs): These use sensors to collect sensory data for navigation, enhancing the basic functionality of the white cane by providing more comprehensive information about the environment [ 57 ].…”

“…Electronic Orientation Aids (EOAs): EOAs offer orientation assistance, aiding users in understanding their surroundings and navigating more effectively [ 57 ].…”

“…Electronic travel aids (ETAs) emerged at a later stage, employing ultrasonic or infrared technology to either create a sound field or detect reflections from objects, thereby enhancing navigation capabilities. The widespread proliferation of smartphones has spurred the development of navigation applications that leverage GPS and a range of sensors to furnish location-based information [ 57 ]. Wearable devices have also gained popularity, employing a combination of sensors to provide precise feedback through methods like vibrations, auditory cues, or haptic sensations.…”