Recent Advancements in Polythiophene-Based Materials and their Biomedical, Geno Sensor and DNA Detection

Abstract

In this review, the unique properties of intrinsically conducting polymer (ICP) in biomedical engineering fields are summarized. Polythiophene and its valuable derivatives are known as potent materials that can broadly be applied in biosensors, DNA, and gene delivery applications. Moreover, this material plays a basic role in curing and promoting anti-HIV drugs. Some of the thiophene’s derivatives were chosen for different experiments and investigations to study their behavior and effects while binding with different materials and establishing new compounds. Many methods were considered for electrode coating and the conversion of thiophene to different monomers to improve their functions and to use them for a new generation of novel medical usages. It is believed that polythiophenes and their derivatives can be used in the future as a substitute for many old-fashioned ways of creating chemical biosensors polymeric materials and also drugs with lower side effects yet having a more effective response. It can be noted that syncing biochemistry with biomedical engineering will lead to a new generation of science, especially one that involves high-efficiency polymers. Therefore, since polythiophene can be customized with many derivatives, some of the novel combinations are covered in this review.

Electrochemical Sensing of Idarubicin—DNA Interaction Using Electropolymerized Azure B and Methylene Blue Mediation

“…The use of electropolymerized materials in biosensor design is mainly directed at the mediation of electron transfer and in electric wiring bioreceptors to detect recognition events via changes in the appropriate currents and charge transfer resistance. Electroconductive polymers, e.g., polyaniline [15,16], polythiophene [17] and polypyrrole [18], are used in such biosensors. Their implementation in the biosensor assembly diminishes the resistance of the interface and simplifies the immobilization of biopolymers via electrostatic interactions.…”

Free-Radical Photopolymerization for Curing Products for Refinish Coatings Market

“…However, the main limitations are related to the curing of thick or pigmentated systems as they inhibit the penetration of light to the bottom [ 20 ]. This technique has already been implemented in many applications, such as wood finishing [ 21 ], biomedical engineering [ 22 ], dental materials [ 23 , 24 ] or adhesives [ 19 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], and more recently in the automotive refinish coatings market [ 20 , 28 , 29 ]. The applications of the coating are so extensive as to include even the keratin treatment of human hair, i.e., photoprotective coating of human hair [ 30 ], using its aqueous mixtures on a natural halloysite clay nanotube [ 31 , 32 , 33 ] that can be easily decorated [ 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Plasma-Enabled Smart Nanoexosome Platform as Emerging Immunopathogenesis for Clinical Viral Infection

“…Their characteristics include low toxicity and immunogenicity, which are very low in comparison to other parts of the body. It is thought that more smart nanoexosomes are released by cancer cells than by normal cells, which may help in the formation of tumors [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. In recent studies [ 29 , 30 ], smart nanoexosomes appear to play many different roles in the development of viral diseases.…”