Recent Advances in 3.5 <i>μ</i>m Erbium-Doped Mid-Infrared Fiber Lasers

Henderson-Sapir, Ori; Malouf, Andrew; Bawden, Nathaniel; Münch, J.; Jackson, Stuart D.; Ottaway, D. J.

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2016.2615961

Cited by 69 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…21,22 We use a 100 fs tunable laser source at a range of wavelengths, ranging from 1.55 µm (0.80 eV), where measured saturation intensity is compared with values in literature, 2,5,8 up to 3.5 µm (0.35 eV), where recent advances have been made in fiber lasers. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] We show that 2PA limits the effective modulation depth, as well as the slope of the nonlinear transmission curve, at mid-IR wavelengths. We also show that saturation intensities of femtosecond pulses follow the empirical relation I s ∝ E 3 ph where E ph is the photon energy, while for longer pulses, I s ∝ E ph .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-photon absorption and saturable absorption of mid-IR in graphene

Malouf

Henderson-Sapir

Set

et al. 2019

Applied Physics Letters

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We report on the response of graphene to high intensity mid-IR radiation and show that graphene exhibits saturable absorption and significant two-photon absorption in the spectral region from 1.55 µm to 3.50 µm (0.35 eV to 0.80 eV). We find that the effective modulation depth of multilayer graphene is limited by two-photon absorption which will affect its performance as a laser modelocking element. The measured saturation intensities of femtosecond pulses were found to depend on the third power of photon energy when we combined our results with others reported in literature, while those of longer pulses were found to have a square root dependence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-photon absorption and saturable absorption of mid-IR in graphene

Malouf

Henderson-Sapir

Set

et al. 2019

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Fiber lasers have produced very high power and excellent beam quality in the near infrared (see figure 2 in [20]). Recently, the output of these lasers has been pushed into the shorter end of the mid-infrared with the potential to go further using either dual-wavelength pumped rare-earth doped lasers [20] or Raman based lasers [21].…”

Section: Mid-infrared Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the direct generation of mode-locked power has been demonstrated near the short edge of the mid-infrared, which is a precursor to broad frequency combs [22, 23]. In Q-switched operation peak power approaching 1 kW has been demonstrated around 3 μ m [24] in erbium and recent modeling results suggest that peak powers approaching this should be feasible from the 3.5 μ m transition [20]. These high peak powers could be invaluable for long distance standoff detection.…”

Section: Mid-infrared Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roadmap on optical sensors

Ferreira

Castro-Camus

Ottaway

et al. 2017

J. Opt.

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Sensors are devices or systems able to detect, measure and convert magnitudes from any domain to an electrical one. Using light as a probe for optical sensing is one of the most efficient approaches for this purpose. The history of optical sensing using some methods based on absorbance, emissive and florescence properties date back to the 16th century. The field of optical sensors evolved during the following centuries, but it did not achieve maturity until the demonstration of the first laser in 1960. The unique properties of laser light become particularly important in the case of laser-based sensors, whose operation is entirely based upon the direct detection of laser light itself, without relying on any additional mediating device. However, compared with freely propagating light beams, artificially engineered optical fields are in increasing demand for probing samples with very small sizes and/or weak light–matter interaction. Optical fiber sensors constitute a subarea of optical sensors in which fiber technologies are employed. Different types of specialty and photonic crystal fibers provide improved performance and novel sensing concepts. Actually, structurization with wavelength or subwavelength feature size appears as the most efficient way to enhance sensor sensitivity and its detection limit. This leads to the area of micro- and nano-engineered optical sensors. It is expected that the combination of better fabrication techniques and new physical effects may open new and fascinating opportunities in this area. This roadmap on optical sensors addresses different technologies and application areas of the field. Fourteen contributions authored by experts from both industry and academia provide insights into the current state-of-the-art and the challenges faced by researchers currently. Two sections of this paper provide an overview of laser-based and frequency comb-based sensors. Three sections address the area of optical fiber sensors, encompassing both conventional, specialty and photonic crystal fibers. Several other sections are dedicated to micro- and nano-engineered sensors, including whispering-gallery mode and plasmonic sensors. The uses of optical sensors in chemical, biological and biomedical areas are described in other sections. Different approaches required to satisfy applications at visible, infrared and THz spectral regions are also discussed. Advances in science and technology required to meet challenges faced in each of these areas are addressed, together with suggestions on how the field could evolve in the near future.

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“…Mid‐infrared fiber lasers are being driven by numerous applications in a wide range of fields including medical diagnostics, military countermeasure, gas sensing, and chemical process monitoring . The last decade has seen a continuing increase in both the wavelength range and output power available from the mid‐infrared fiber lasers .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structured active fiber fabrication and characterization of a chemically high‐purified Dy³⁺‐doped chalcogenide glass

Xiao

Cui

et al. 2019

J Am Ceram Soc

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By conventional melt‐quenching techniques, a series of Dy3+‐doped (0.1 to 1.0 wt%) Ga5Ge20Sb15S60 bulk glasses were fabricated and their potential for developing mid‐infrared fiber laser beyond 4 μm were evaluated, in which the optimal Dy3+ doping concentration was found to be 0.3 wt% and the largest laser quality factor value (σe × τmea = 2.62 × 10−23 cm2 s) among all of the Dy3+‐doped chalcogenide glass was obtained. On this basis, through using the chemical purification methods with chlorine gas combined with the dynamic distillation process, the high‐purity GGSS glasses with low O–H and S–H absorptions were successfully fabricated, which was confirmed by the optimized mid‐infrared linear transmittance and improved fluorescent lifetimes of Dy3+: 6H13/2, 6H11/2 levels. Furthermore, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the Dy3+‐doped, single‐mode, and double‐cladding chalcogenide fibers with the core/cladding ratios of 125:60:11 and 125:66:11.5 were achieved by a multistage rod‐in‐tube fiber drawing process and extrusion methods, respectively. The GeS2‐based fiber exhibits excellent transmission performance at 1.0‐5.0 μm: 3.0 dB/m at 2.9 μm (O–H), 2.4 dB/m at 4.1 μm (S–H). Combining the advantages of high‐purity, high doping concentration and single‐mode double‐cladding structure, the optimized active fiber should be an ideal efficient and low‐threshold medium toward mid‐infrared fiber laser beyond 4 μm.

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Recent Advances in 3.5 μm Erbium-Doped Mid-Infrared Fiber Lasers

Cited by 69 publications

References 36 publications

Two-photon absorption and saturable absorption of mid-IR in graphene

Two-photon absorption and saturable absorption of mid-IR in graphene

Roadmap on optical sensors

Structured active fiber fabrication and characterization of a chemically high‐purified Dy³⁺‐doped chalcogenide glass

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Recent Advances in 3.5 μm Erbium-Doped Mid-Infrared Fiber Lasers

Cited by 69 publications

References 36 publications

Two-photon absorption and saturable absorption of mid-IR in graphene

Two-photon absorption and saturable absorption of mid-IR in graphene

Roadmap on optical sensors

Structured active fiber fabrication and characterization of a chemically high‐purified Dy3+‐doped chalcogenide glass

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Structured active fiber fabrication and characterization of a chemically high‐purified Dy³⁺‐doped chalcogenide glass